外商直接投资对我国经济增长的效应分析

改革开放以来，伴随着我国国民经济持续高速增长，我国利用外商直接投资(FDI)的规模一直居于世界前列。外商直接投资会促进一国的经济增长。文章从资本积累、技术外溢、产业结构和就业等方面论证了FDI对我国经济增长的贡献。为了使论述更具说服力，在论述中注重运用可得数据进行量化分析，并在得出基本结论的基础上，指出了我国今后利用FDI的战略思路。     

跨国公司资产增强型对外直接投资剖析

当前，资产增强型FDI已经成为跨国公司全球经营战略中的一个最为显著的特征。为了扩大企业内部资源的数量，提高现有资产的质量，跨国公司从寻求外部的有形要素转为追逐优质的无形资产，通过组建战略技术联盟、兼并收购核心技术企业等不同方式，积极开发、吸收东道国（或竞争对手）中的各种创造性资产，以充实、提高自身的核心技术优势，保持或增强企业的创新活力和竞争实力，进一步拓展企业的生存和发展空间，为企业在国际技术竞争中占据有利地位积蓄力量。     

Finite Larmor radius effects in the magnetosphere

This article reviews theories and observations related to effects produced by finite (and large) Larmor radii of charged particles in the magnetosphere. The FLR effects depend on =r _H /L, wherer _H is the Larmor radius andL is the spatial scale for field/plasma inhomogeneity. The parameter is a basic expansion parameter for most equations describing plasma dynamics in the magnetosphere. The FLR effects enter naturally the drift approximation for particle motion and represent also non-ideal MHD terms in the fluid formalism. The linear and higher order terms in lead to charge separation, energization of particles, and produce viscosity without collisions. The FLR effects introduce also important corrections to the dispersion relations for MHD waves and drift instabilities. Expansion of plasma into magnetic field leads to filamentation of the plasma boundary and to creation of structures with thickness less than an ion gyroradius. Large Larmor radius effects (1) in curved magnetic field geometry lead to stochastic behaviour of particle trajectories and to deterministic chaos. The tiny scale of the electron and ion gyroradii does not necessarily mean that FLR/LLR phenomena have negligible effect on the macroscopic dynamics and energetics of the whole magnetosphere. On the contrary, the small scale gyro-effects may provide the physical mechanism for gyroviscous coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere, the mechanism for triggering disruption of the magnetotail current layer, and the mechanism for parallel electric field that accelerate auroral particles.     

物流系统中要素冲突问题探讨

物流系统各要素之间在目标、产权和运作上存在冲突，这些冲突会影响到物流系统功能的发挥。对此，提出了处理物流系统要素冲突问题的基本原则，即系统思考、区别对待、重点突出、适度控制。并按照霍尔的系统工程的思路构建了处理物流系统要素冲突问题的三维结构框架图，给出了主要冲突的解决思路和方法，如采用一体化和供应链管理的思想来解决效益悖反问题，选择适当的战略联盟伙伴促进物流要素间的能力均衡及信息共享，加快推进物流标准化以解决设备不匹配、票据不统一的问题，旨在加强要素间的协同作用，通过企业、政府、行业协会的共同努力，合理引导冲突，从而促进物流系统的功能跃迁。     

An experiment to study solar flare effects on radio-communication signals

The occurrence of radio signal fading events caused by ionospheric absorption plays an important role in the performance of radio-communication systems. It is necessary to know the magnitude and time-scale of such events in order to specify technical parameters of the communication system to be used. Generally, fading events are associated with solar flares, which are characterized by sudden increase in the solar X-ray flux that causes an increase in the ionization in the lower ionosphere. The abrupt increase of ionization causes the absorption of radio waves propagating in the Earth–ionosphere wave-guide and is reported as radio signal fading events. A simple experiment to monitor the behavior of lower ionosphere has been carried out at the Southern Space Observatory-SSO/INPE (29.43°S, 53.8°W), located in southern Brazil. The experiment is basically a computer controlled radio receiver that records the received signal strength of Amplitude Modulated (AM) radio signals in the HF (High Frequencies) range. We analyzed data of the 6 MHz beacon signal that has been transmitted by a broadcasting radio station located about 400 km from the observation site. In this work we present initial results of daily variation of the received signal strength and fading events associated with solar flares observed in the 6 MHz signal monitored by the experiment during 2001. X-ray solar flux data from the GOES-8 satellite were used to identify X-ray solar bursts associated with solar flares. Based on the one-year data collected by the experiment, a statistical summary of fading occurrences and their correlation with solar flares, as well as the distributions of time-scales and magnitudes of such events are presented.     

Ionospheric response to the 17 March and 22 June 2015 geomagnetic storms over Wuhan region using GNSS-based tomographic technique

By using the data of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) observation from Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC), ionospheric electron density (IED) distributions reconstructed by using computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) technique are used to investigate the ionospheric storm effects over Wuhan region during 17 March and 22 June 2015 geomagnetic storm periods. F-region critical frequency (foF2) at Wuhan ionosonde station shows an obvious decrease during recovery phase of the St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic storm. Moreover, tomographic results present that the decrease in electron density begins at 12:00 UT on 17 March during the storm main phase. Also, foF2 shows a long-lasting negative storm effect during the recovery phase of the 22 June 2015 geomagnetic storm. Electron density chromatography presents the evident decrease during the storm day in accordance with the ionosonde observation. These ionospheric negative storm effects are probably associated with changes of chemical composition, PPEF and DDEF from high latitudes.     

Modelling the effects of microgravity on the permeability of air interface respiratory epithelial cell layers

Although it has been suggested that microgravity might affect drug absorption in vivo, drug permeability across epithelial barriers has not yet been investigated in vitro during modelled microgravity. Therefore, a cell culture/diffusion chamber was designed specifically to accommodate epithelial cell layers in a 3D-clinostat and allow epithelial permeability to be measured under microgravity conditions in vitro with minimum alteration to established cell culture techniques. Human respiratory epithelial Calu-3 cell layers were used to model the airway epithelium. Cells grown at an air interface in the diffusion chamber from day 1 or day 5 after seeding on 24-well polyester Transwell cell culture inserts developed a similar transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) to cells cultured in conventional cell culture plates. Confluent Calu-3 layers exposed to modelled microgravity in the 3D-clinostat for up to 48 h maintained their high TER. The permeability of the paracellular marker ¹⁴C-mannitol was unaffected after a 24 h rotation of the cell layers in the 3D-clinostat, but was increased 2-fold after 48 h of modelled microgravity. It was demonstrated that the culture/diffusion chamber developed is suitable for culturing epithelial cell layers and, when subjected to rotation in the 3D-clinostat, will be a valuable in vitro system in which to study the influence of microgravity on epithelial permeability and drug transport.     

Influence of Earth’s shadowing effects on space debris stability

Solar radiation pressure affects the evolution of high area-to-mass geostationary space debris. In this work, we extend the stability study of Valk et al. (2009) by considering the influence of Earth’s shadows on the short- and long-term time evolutions of space debris. To assess the orbits stability, we use the Mean Exponential Growth factor of Nearby Orbits (MEGNO), which is an efficient numerical tool to distinguish between regular and chaotic behaviors. To reliably compute long-term space debris motion, we resort to the Global Symplectic Integrator (GSI) of Libert et al. (2011) which consists in the symplectic integration of both Hamiltonian equations of motion and variational equations. We show how to efficiently compute the MEGNO indicator in a complete symplectic framework, and we also discuss the choice of a symplectic integrator, since propagators adapted to the structure of the Hamiltonian equations of motion are not necessarily suited for the associated variational equations. The performances of our method are illustrated and validated through the study of the Arnold diffusion problem. We then analyze the effects of Earth’s shadows, using the adapted conical and cylindrical Earth’s shadowing models introduced by Hubaux et al. (2012) as the smooth shadow function deriving from these models can be easily included into the variational equations. Our stability study shows that Earth’s shadows greatly affect the global behaviour of space debris orbits by increasing the size of chaotic regions around the geostationary altitude. We also emphasize the differences in the results given by conical or cylindrical Earth’s shadowing models. Finally, such results are compared with a non-symplectic integration scheme.     

论"限塑令"效果的有限性——基于环境伦理视角

限塑令的意义深远而重大,但实施多年的实际效果却十分有限。造成限塑令有限效果的原因是多方面的,其中不容忽视的原因是在宣传和推行限塑令的过程中,往往是就事论事,缺失环境伦理的维度,没有将这一命令的意义从环境伦理上进行延伸和升华。限塑令的有限效果从反面告诫我们:只有从环境伦理的高度去认识和落实限塑令,才能充分体现这一政策的真实意义和最终目的。同时它也从反面提醒我们:在构建环境伦理时,应充分发挥舆论的导向作用,并巧妙运用利益手段,将广大民众引上环境道德的正途,以便在全社会形成自觉保护环境的良好风气,培养人们崇尚和践行环境道德的美好品德。     

飞机发动机燃料计量系统故障分析的一种方法

随着产品成本和复杂性的提高，故障模式影响分析已成为复杂系统设计过程中不可或缺的部分。但其有效性多年来一直存在争议，其主要原因在于采用以经验为主的定性推理法，分析繁琐，工作量大，导致很难确定每种故障模式的故障影响。本文从BIT设计的角度，以功能角色模型理论为基础，导出在反馈系统中的推理规则和故障模式影响分析方法。最后以喷气式发动机燃料计量系统为例，阐述对该系统进行故障分析的一般步骤。研究表明，本文提出的功能角色模型理论可有效提高故障模式影响分析效率。