文献《Atlas V Development—Overview of Dynamics Testing》点评

文章对《Atlas V运载火箭的研发——动力学试验概况》一文的技术内容进行了较全面的阐述,对Atlas V研制过程中所涉及的降低发射风险的系统工程方法,减少起飞振动方面的技术工作、声载荷及声环境的试验验证方法,模态和刚度试验技术及动力学试验计划纲要等动力学环境试验内容与特点进行了较为详细的分析与点评,并在此基础上提出了利用混响室激励方法开展全尺寸运载火箭模态试验的建议。     

Effect of vertical plasma transport on ionospheric F2-region parameters at equatorial latitude

The variability of the F2-layer even during magnetically quiet times are fairly complex owing to the effects of plasma transport. The vertical E × B drift velocities (estimated from simplified electron density continuity equation) were used to investigate the seasonal effects of the vertical ion drifts on the bottomside daytime ionospheric parameters over an equatorial latitude in West Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria (Geographic: 7.4°N, 3.9°E, dip angle: 6°S) using 1 year of ionsonde data during International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1958, that correspond to a period of high solar activity for quiet conditions. The variation patterns between the changes of the vertical ion drifts and the ionospheric F2-layer parameters, especially; f_oF₂ and h_mF₂ are seen remarkable. On the other hand, we observed strong anti-correlation between vertical drift velocities and h′F in all the seasons. We found no clear trend between N_mF₂ and h_mF₂ variations. The yearly average value of upward daytime drift at 300 km altitude was a little less than the generally reported magnitude of 20 ms⁻¹ for equatorial F-region in published literature, and the largest upward velocity was roughly 32 ms⁻¹. Our results indicate that vertical plasma drifts; ionospheric F2-layer peak height, and the critical frequency of F2-layer appear to be somewhat interconnected.     

固液混合火箭发动机在武器与航天领域的应用

系统介绍了固液混合火箭发动机的主要特点及其应用.固液混合火箭发动机具有能量高、容易进行推力调节、可多次启动、可靠性高、安全性好、成本低等优点.在武器领域用做导弹的发动机,可使导弹具有射程远、突防能力强、低易损、易于实现能量管理等优点;用于军用航天器的轨道机动发动机,可具有优良的轨道机动性能;在民用航天领域可以用做运载火箭助推器,不仅能量高、环境友好,而且对于载人航天而言具有突出的安全性能;用于上面级发动机则具有多次启动、轨道机动能力强、在轨工作时间长等优点;用于姿轨控发动机和变推力发动机具有推力调节精确、绿色环保等优点.总之,固液混合火箭可满足航天技术发展对多种高性能发动机的需求.通过分析提出了发展固液混合火箭发动机的若干建议.     

水发射试验装置设计研究

通过分析空泡溃灭压力典型脉冲特征,设计了一套水发射试验装置和相应的验证性试验方案。验证性试验结果分析表明:弹丸出筒速度重复性较好,空气腔压力与弹丸速度关系符合物理规律,可信度强;采用水发射试验装置所测的压力曲线与空泡溃灭压力脉冲曲线基本一致,均类似半正弦,脉宽基本一致,可以进行空泡溃灭压力脉冲的初步研究。     

小型固体运载火箭六自由度弹道仿真

针对控制系统采用侧喷流发动机和栅格舵的新型小型多级固体运载火箭开展六自由度弹道仿真研究。给出侧喷流发动机安装模型和推力模型以及开关机控制规律,阐明气动力和气动力矩计算方法;并建立了固体发动机推力模型,以及完整的六自由度弹道动力学和运动学模型。仿真结果表明:建立的六自由度弹道仿真模型能正确反映运载火箭飞行特性;研究的固体运载火箭满足将300kg有效载荷送入200km太阳同步轨道的运载能力要求;姿态控制系统满足运载火箭姿态控制精度要求;侧喷流推进剂质量分配合理,为总体方案论证和初步设计提供了理论依据。     

人在回路电视制导武器最佳投射域建模与仿真

为提高人在回路电视制导武器命中精度,必须选择合适的武器投射域。分析了影响武器投射域的主要因素和约束条件,建立了人在回路控制的电视制导武器防区外投射的数学模型。根据该模型,提出了一种基于图论的防区外武器最佳投射域算法,并对算法进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明:该算法能够根据武器制导的约束条件找到满足武器投射的最佳投射域,该模型的建立和最佳投射域算法的提出为该类型电视制导武器的作战使用自动规划提供了依据和参考。     

一种用于垂直降落重复使用运载器的缓冲器性能分析

以对称分布四腿支柱式垂直降落重复使用运载器为研究对象,基于一种新型油液-蜂窝式多级缓冲器,建立了计及地面弹塑性变形的运载器软着陆过程动力学模型,并给出了运载器着陆时的五种临界着陆工况。以前四种着陆工况为基础对多级缓冲器进行了缓冲参数协调分析,在此基础上以翻倒极限着陆工况为基础重点研究了多级缓冲器缓冲参数对着陆稳定性能的影响。研究表明多级缓冲器中油孔面积、活塞杆直径和阻尼阀调节弹簧预紧力等油液缓冲参数对蜂窝压溃载荷的选取有着显著影响,同时以上参数的合理选择可以有效增加运载器的着陆稳定性能。     

单柱地轨型三坐标机立柱的研究

结合单柱地轨型三坐标机的结构特点，通过对横梁的分析进而对立柱进行了详尽的研究，这些研究对立柱的结构分析，受力分析和误差分析，最后指出由立柱弹性引起的测量误差可以和由其它因素引起垢测量误差相迭加，并可进行软件修正。     

Negative VTEC with spherical harmonic expansion model under different solar activity conditions

The Earth’s ionosphere can be described by a spherical harmonic (SH) expansion up to a specific degree. However, there exist negative vertical total electron content (VTEC) values in the global ionosphere map (GIM) with the SH expansion model. In this contribution, we specifically investigated the negative VTEC values that are induced by the SH expansion model and validated the performance of the inequality-constrained least squares (ICLS) method in eliminating the negative VTEC values. The GPS data from 2004 to 2017 was selected to cover one solar cycle and the experiments under different solar activity conditions were analyzed. The results in our work show that the occurrence of the negative VTEC values is attributed to the deficiency of the SH expansion model when the VTEC itself is small instead of the unevenly distribution of the GNSS stations. The negative VTEC values appear periodically in the temporal domain, showing apparently one year and half year periods. During one year, two peaks in June and December can be observed in the time series of the negative VTEC values. The number of negative VTEC values in June is obvious larger than that in December. During one solar cycle, the number of negative VTEC values under quiet solar activity condition is obvious larger than that under strong solar activity condition. In the spatial domain, the appearance of the negative VTEC values is strongly related with the movement of the subsolar point. In the latitude of the subsolar point has the largest magnitude, the negative values will appear on the opposite hemisphere and the further from the subsolar point the more negative values. The maximum number of the negative VTEC values in the southern hemisphere appears in June, while the peak value in the northern hemisphere appears in December. The maximum number of negative VTEC values in the southern hemisphere is generally larger than that in the northern hemisphere. In addition, the negative VTEC values are distributed both at middle latitude and high latitude in the southern hemisphere, while they are mainly distributed at high latitude in the northern hemisphere. When the ICLS method is used, the negative VTEC values can be eliminated efficiently and it has nearly no influence on the positive VTEC values. The ICLS method can also improve the receiver’s differential code bias (DCB) and significantly decrease the unreasonable negative slant TEC (STEC) values along the lines of sight. Using the final GIM product of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPLG) as a reference, the root mean square (RMS) of the ICLS solution shows maximum 25%, 20% and 45% improvement relative to the least squares (LS) solution at northern high latitude, southern middle latitude and southern high latitude, respectively.     

变推力液体火箭发动机推力调节技术研究综述及发展趋势

系统梳理了国内外变推力液体火箭发动机调节控制技术的研究历程及研究现状，并结合我国航天动力研究基础，指出通过在主系统或副系统管路上设置液体或燃气流量调节装置、通过可调结构的针栓式喷注器同步对流量与压力进行匹配调节仍然是实现大范围变推力调节的两种主要手段；分析了变推力液体火箭发动机推力调节的关键技术及其解决途径，预测了未来一段时期内变推力液体火箭发动机及其调节技术发展趋势，提出了若干适合我国国情的研究建议，为我国低成本、可重复使用天地往返运输技术的发展和有关研究者开展研究工作提供一定的参考。