激光熔化沉积钛合金及其复合材料组织力学性能研究进展

激光熔化沉积(LMD)技术快速、自由的成形特点为航空构件的制造和发展带来了新的设计思路和方法.对激光熔化沉积钛合金与钛基复合材料的组织结构和力学性能进行了归纳分析,包括成形工艺参数、热处理技术以及增强体种类和含量对成形钛合金与钛基复合材料组织力学性能的影响,发现成形工艺参数直接影响粉末熔化程度、熔合质量和成形显微结构,...     

异型截面三维编织复合材料细观结构分析

阐述了异型截面三维编织物编织的基本原理,以"口"字型截面为例,系统地分析了携纱器在机器底盘上的运动规律以及纱线在面内和空间的交织运动规律.采用控制体积单元法建立了异型截面三维编织复合材料中除普通方型三维编织复合材料所具有的内胞、面胞和角胞外,在矩形与矩形相连区域的相连内部单胞、相连表面单胞和相连角单胞模型.这些单胞模型的表面与预制件的表面平行,有利于今后的力学性能分析.此外,在假设纱线具有椭圆形横截面的基础上,推导了编织工艺参数之间的数学关系,为进一步分析异型截面三维编织复合材料的力学性能奠定了基础.      

复合材料的冲击吸能与动态黏弹特性

考察了玻璃纤维、炭纤维、芳纶和UHMWPE纤维复合材料(分别称为GFRP,CFRP,AFRP和DFRP)层板的低速冲击吸能,并采用高载动态热机械分析仪EPLEXOR500分析了其纤维复丝的动态黏弹性的载荷敏感性.结果表明:冲击吸能明显受纤维性能及层板破坏模式的影响,呈韧性破坏的AFRP和DFRP的冲击吸能明显高于呈脆性破坏的GFRP和CFRP.在动态热机械分析中,静载增大使得储能模量升高但损耗角正切减小,动载增大时正好相反,且在这些影响中有机纤维复丝动态黏弹性较无机纤维复丝表现出更显著的载荷敏感性和非线性.4种层板的吸能大小与其纤维复丝储能模量载荷敏感性的强弱以及损耗角正切大小的顺序相同:DFRP>AFRP>GFRP>CFRP,反映出材料宏观冲击性能与表征其微观结构特征的黏弹性能的相关性.      

Clusters of Galaxies: Setting the Stage

Clusters of galaxies are self-gravitating systems of mass ∼10¹⁴–10¹⁵ h ⁻¹ M_⊙ and size ∼1–3h ⁻¹ Mpc. Their mass budget consists of dark matter (∼80%, on average), hot diffuse intracluster plasma (≲20%) and a small fraction of stars, dust, and cold gas, mostly locked in galaxies. In most clusters, scaling relations between their properties, like mass, galaxy velocity dispersion, X-ray luminosity and temperature, testify that the cluster components are in approximate dynamical equilibrium within the cluster gravitational potential well. However, spatially inhomogeneous thermal and non-thermal emission of the intracluster medium (ICM), observed in some clusters in the X-ray and radio bands, and the kinematic and morphological segregation of galaxies are a signature of non-gravitational processes, ongoing cluster merging and interactions. Both the fraction of clusters with these features, and the correlation between the dynamical and morphological properties of irregular clusters and the surrounding large-scale structure increase with redshift. In the current bottom-up scenario for the formation of cosmic structure, where tiny fluctuations of the otherwise homogeneous primordial density field are amplified by gravity, clusters are the most massive nodes of the filamentary large-scale structure of the cosmic web and form by anisotropic and episodic accretion of mass, in agreement with most of the observational evidence. In this model of the universe dominated by cold dark matter, at the present time most baryons are expected to be in a diffuse component rather than in stars and galaxies; moreover, ∼50% of this diffuse component has temperature ∼0.01–1 keV and permeates the filamentary distribution of the dark matter. The temperature of this Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) increases with the local density and its search in the outer regions of clusters and lower density regions has been the quest of much recent observational effort. Over the last thirty years, an impressive coherent picture of the formation and evolution of cosmic structures has emerged from the intense interplay between observations, theory and numerical experiments. Future efforts will continue to test whether this picture keeps being valid, needs corrections or suffers dramatic failures in its predictive power.     

Cosmological Shock Waves

Large-scale structure formation, accretion and merging processes, AGN activity produce cosmological gas shocks. The shocks convert a fraction of the energy of gravitationally accelerated flows to internal energy of the gas. Being the main gas-heating agent, cosmological shocks could amplify magnetic fields and accelerate energetic particles via the multi-fluid plasma relaxation processes. We first discuss the basic properties of standard single-fluid shocks. Cosmological plasma shocks are expected to be collisionless. We then review the plasma processes responsible for the microscopic structure of collisionless shocks. A tiny fraction of the particles crossing the shock is injected into the non-thermal energetic component that could get a substantial part of the ram pressure power dissipated at the shock. The energetic particles penetrate deep into the shock upstream producing an extended shock precursor. Scaling relations for postshock ion temperature and entropy as functions of shock velocity in strong collisionless multi-fluid shocks are discussed. We show that the multi-fluid nature of collisionless shocks results in excessive gas compression, energetic particle acceleration, precursor gas heating, magnetic field amplification and non-thermal emission. Multi-fluid shocks provide a reduced gas entropy production and could also modify the observable thermodynamic scaling relations for clusters of galaxies.     

CT导航混联医疗机器人灵活性研究

总结了目前医疗机器人灵活性的分析方法,基于服务球的数值法,对5R串联机器人和4H并联机器人进行了灵活度计算,得到了各自的任务灵活度.针对9-DOF冗余度串并混联医疗机器人运动学的复杂性以及难以获得逆解的解析解的状况,给出了串联部分、并联部分的位移流形,推导了混联机器人的位移流形.提出了混联机器人的灵活性分析方法,即基于位移流形(黎曼流形)的方法,并定义了混联机器人灵活度的通用解析表达式.基于黎曼曲面外接椭球面的面积计算,得到混联机器人的灵活度超过了CT导航手术所需的灵活度,满足手术要求,为微创外科混联机器人灵活性分析和度量提供了新的参考.      

智能桁架振动控制的模态方法及主动杆优化配置

提出了空间智能桁架振动控制的一种模态控制方法,包括模态状态传感器的设计方法,模态致动器的设计方法,并在此基础上实现了桁架的独立模态空间控制。同时,还给出了主动杆的优化配置准则,由该准则得到的优化配置结果与振动初始条件以及控制增益的选取无关,具有较强的实用性。     

蜂窝夹芯叠层板的低速冲击接触定律

借助于蜂窝夹芯叠层板（以下简称蜂窝板）的准静态横向压力实验,研究了蜂窝板的低速冲击接触规律,提出了半经验性的蜂窝板低速冲击接触定律,蜂窝板低速冲击接触过程分为四个阶段：即面反控制阶段;面板穿透阶段;蜂窝夹芯控制阶段;总体卸载阶段,并提出了相应各阶段的加载或卸载定律,应用此接触定律对蜂窝板的低速冲击过程进行动态有限元模拟分析,模拟计算结果与实验结果相比较具有良好的一致性。     

含多裂纹结构的可靠性分析方法

为了对含多裂纹结构的可靠性进行评估,在疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型的基础上,建立了含多裂纹结构的可靠性分析模型.结构的可靠度是控制裂纹扩展的多维随机变量落在等寿命曲面(线)与坐标面(轴)围起的范围内的概率,即多维随机变量的概率密度函数在等寿命曲面(线)与坐标面(轴)围起的范围内的积分.针对较为简单的情况,建立了完全积分可靠性模型;针对复杂结构但各条裂纹扩展特性相差不大的情况,建立了简化串联可靠性模型;针对复杂结构各条裂纹扩展特性相差较大的情况,建立了修正简化串联可靠性模型.考虑结构可靠性的粗略分析,给出了可靠度的上限值.结合多裂纹扩展随机模型给出了算例.