建筑物顶部形状对街道峡谷内污染物扩散影响的研究

应用数值模拟方法研究建筑物顶部形状对于街道峡谷内汽车排放污染物扩散的影响.研究发现,街道峡谷内漩涡的结构会随街道两侧建筑物顶部形状的不同发生变化,进而影响到街道峡谷内的污染物扩散.数值模拟结果与Rafailidis(1996)等在德国汉堡大学的气象学院进行的风洞实验结果进行了对比,与风洞实验结果相符合.街道两侧建筑物顶部形状不同,峡谷内的污染物扩散规律不同,选择合适的建筑物顶部形状会对街道峡谷内的污染物扩散产生有益的效应,这对于建立有效的机动车污染物控制策略具有重要指导意义.     

廊坊市城市无形资产经营的问题研究

随着我国城市化程度的进一步提高，城市无形资产在城市发展中的地位和作用愈发凸显。本文从城市经营的角度出发，探讨了城市无形资产经营的内容和重要意义，对廊坊市城市无形资产经营进行了分析，并提出了提升城市无形资产经营的相应建议。     

分布式单星转发的定位测速模型及其应用

在城市峡谷中通过接收导航卫星信号以实现连续的定位与测速一直是卫星导航应用中的一个难题。针对此问题,借鉴卫星导航对抗中转发式欺骗干扰的定位控制基本原理,提出了通过分布式单星转发来解决城市峡谷中实现连续卫星导航的新方法,并构建了分布式单星转发的定位测速模型。在此基础上详细讨论了转发器天线对被遮挡卫星的指向跟踪、转发器相关参数的获取、转发器收发之间的有效隔离、直达信号与转发信号的同时利用等应用性问题。所提出方法的可行性得到了仿真试验的有效验证,从而为城市峡谷中的卫星导航应用提供了新的参考。     

宝鸡城郊台塬区村庄基础设施建设方式的探讨

以宝鸡渭河南部台塬区生态建设规划为例,对城市郊区村庄依据区位条件和建设条件进行划分,提出了郊区型村庄基础设施建设的普遍原则,分析探讨了不同类型村庄基础设施建设中存在问题和解决问题的对策。     

Prediction of clear-sky biologically effective erythematic radiation (EER) From global solar radiation (250–2800 nm) at Cairo,Egypt

The hourly and daily measured clear-sky global solar radiation (G) and biologically important effective erythematic radiation (EER) incident on a horizontal surface at Cairo, Egypt (latitude 30° 05′ N & Longitude 31° 15′ E), during the period from January 1995 to December 2005 are used in this paper. The relationship between daily integrated totals of EER and the daily totals of broadband global solar radiation (250–2800 nm) is established. The temporal variability of the percentage ratio of the total daily erythema to total daily broadband solar global irradiation (EER/G) is determined. The monthly and the seasonal averages of the extraterrestrial UVB solar radiation, Mesurad and estímated UVB solar radiation and clearness index K_tUVB of UVB radiation are discussed. The average monthly mean variation of slant ozone (Z) and UVB transmission (K_tUVB) at the present work are found. The two variables show an opposite seasonal behavior, and the average monthly of slant ozone column and UVB transmission values shows the relationship between them in a clearer way than those of daily values. The estimated values of UVB solar radiation a good agreement with the measured values of the UVB solar radiation, the difference between the estimated and measured values of UVB solar radiation varies from 1.2% to 2.8%. The effect of the annual cycles of solar zenith angle (SZA) and total column ozone (TCO) on the ratios (EER/G) are presented and the correction factors are determined for removal of the ozone cycle. The seasonal variability of EER/G is also discussed. The effect of the annual cycles of solar zenith angle (SZA) and total column ozone (TCO) on the ratios (EER/G) is presented and the correction factors are determined for removal of the ozone cycle.     

利用κ—ε湍流能量闭合方法对城市街渠内气流结构的模拟

利用非静力、能量闭合的大气边界层模式分别绎二维情况下不同高宽比的街渠内部的气流结构和三维情况下城市街渠在来流方向不同的条件下的内部气流结构进行了数值模拟。并且对三维情况下街渠的上风向建筑物顶部的风向与街渠中心近地面的风向之间的关系和街渠内部上层的风向与街渠中心近地面的风向之间的关系进行了模拟研究，将这些结果与G T Johnson等人的现场观测和模式模拟结果进行了比较，表明两者有较好的一致性。     

Remotely sensed thermal information applied to urban climate analysis

Urban heat island (UHI) effects on the ten most populated cities of Hungary, including the Budapest agglomeration area, were analyzed using remotely sensed data. Day- and night-time surface temperature time series observed by sensor MODIS on satellite Terra were used to determine UHI intensities. UHI intensity was defined as the difference in spatially averaged surface temperatures between urban and surrounding rural pixels. Spatial structures of UHIs were determined and compared for different seasons and macrocirculation conditions.     

Direct radiative forcing from black carbon aerosols over urban environment

There is growing evidence that the earth’s climate is changing and will likely continue to change in the future. It is still debated whether these changes are due to natural variability of the climate system or a result of increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Black carbon (BC) has become the subject of interest for a variety of reasons. BC aerosol may cause environmental as well as harmful health effects in densely inhabited regions. BC is a strong absorber of radiation in the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum, where most of the solar energy is distributed. Black carbon is emitted into the atmosphere as a byproduct of all combustion processes, viz., vegetation burning, industrial effluents and motor vehicle exhausts, etc. In this paper, we present results from our measurements on black carbon aerosols, total aerosol mass concentration and aerosol optical depth over an urban environment namely Hyderabad during January to May, 2003. Diurnal variations of BC indicate high BC concentrations during 6:00–9:00 and 19:00–23:00 h. Weekday variations of BC concentrations increase gradually from Monday to Wednesday and gradually decrease from Thursday to Sunday. Analysis of traffic density along with meteorological parameters suggests that the primary determinant for BC concentration levels and patterns is traffic density. Seasonal variations of BC suggest that the BC concentrations are high during dry season compared to rainy season due to the scavenging by air. The fraction of BC to total mass concentration has been observed to be 7% during January to May. BC showed positive correlation with total mass concentration and aerosol optical depth at 500 nm. Radiative transfer calculations suggests that during January to May, diurnal averaged aerosol forcing at the surface is −33 Wm² and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) above 100 km it is observed to be +9 Wm⁻². The results have been discussed in detail in the paper.     

Using land use change trajectories to quantify the effects of urbanization on urban heat island

This paper proposed a quantitative method of land use change trajectory, which means the succession among different land use types across time, to examine the effects of urbanization on an urban heat island (UHI). To accomplish this, multi-temporal images from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) of Xiamen City in China from 1987 to 2007 were selected. First, the land use change trajectories were extracted based on the classified images from different years. Then the land surface temperatures (LST) were retrieved and the magnitudes of the UHI were evaluated using the UHI intensity (UHII) indicator. Finally, the indices of the contribution to UHI intensity (CUHII) were constructed and calculated to quantify the effects of each land use change trajectory on the UHI during urbanization. The results demonstrated that the land use change trajectories and CUHII are effective and useful in quantifying the effects of urbanization on UHI. In Xiamen City, a total of 2218 land use change trajectories were identified and 530 of them were the existing urban or urbanization trajectories. The UHII presents a trend of continuous increase from 0.83 °C in 1987 to 2.14 °C in 2007. With respect to the effects of urban growth on UHI, the contribution of existing urban area to UHI decreased during urbanization. Prior to 2007, the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 had the most significant effect on UHI with the greatest CUHII, while the value has decreased from 55.00% in 1987 to 13.03% in 2007 because of the addition of new urbanized area. In 2007, the greatest CUHII was replaced by a trajectory from farmland to built-up area (NO. 22224) with the CUHII of 21.98%, followed by the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 with the CUHII of 13.03%. These results provide not only a new methodology to assess the environmental effects of urbanization, but also decision-supports for the planning and management of cities.     

基于文献资料法对陕西申办全运会策略研究

运用文献资料法,深入剖析陕西申办全运会的条件优势,阐述陕西申办全运会与西安城市经济现代化、基础建设现代化、旅游业现代化和城市文明现代化的互动,提出了陕西省申办全运会的策略。