T cell regulation in microgravity – The current knowledge from in vitro experiments conducted in space,parabolic flights and ground-based facilities

Dating back to the Apollo and Skylab missions, it has been reported that astronauts suffered from bacterial and viral infections during space flight or after returning to Earth. Blood analyses revealed strongly reduced capability of human lymphocytes to become active upon mitogenic stimulation. Since then, a large number of in vitro studies on human immune cells have been conducted in space, in parabolic flights, and in ground-based facilities. It became obvious that microgravity affects cell morphology and important cellular functions. Observed changes include cell proliferation, the cytoskeleton, signal transduction and gene expression. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of T cell regulation under altered gravity conditions obtained by in vitro studies with special emphasis on the cell culture conditions used. We propose that future in vitro experiments should follow rigorous standardized cell culture conditions, which allows better comparison of the results obtained in different flight- and ground-based experiment platforms.     

The GFZ real-time GNSS precise positioning service system and its adaption for COMPASS

Motivated by the IGS real-time Pilot Project, GFZ has been developing its own real-time precise positioning service for various applications. An operational system at GFZ is now broadcasting real-time orbits, clocks, global ionospheric model, uncalibrated phase delays and regional atmospheric corrections for standard PPP, PPP with ambiguity fixing, single-frequency PPP and regional augmented PPP. To avoid developing various algorithms for different applications, we proposed a uniform algorithm and implemented it into our real-time software. In the new processing scheme, we employed un-differenced raw observations with atmospheric delays as parameters, which are properly constrained by real-time derived global ionospheric model or regional atmospheric corrections and by the empirical characteristics of the atmospheric delay variation in time and space. The positioning performance in terms of convergence time and ambiguity fixing depends mainly on the quality of the received atmospheric information and the spatial and temporal constraints. The un-differenced raw observation model can not only integrate PPP and NRTK into a seamless positioning service, but also syncretize these two techniques into a unique model and algorithm. Furthermore, it is suitable for both dual-frequency and sing-frequency receivers. Based on the real-time data streams from IGS, EUREF and SAPOS reference networks, we can provide services of global precise point positioning (PPP) with 5–10 cm accuracy, PPP with ambiguity-fixing of 2–5 cm accuracy, PPP using single-frequency receiver with accuracy of better than 50 cm and PPP with regional augmentation for instantaneous ambiguity resolution of 1–3 cm accuracy. We adapted the system for current COMPASS to provide PPP service. COMPASS observations from a regional network of nine stations are used for precise orbit determination and clock estimation in simulated real-time mode, the orbit and clock products are applied for real-time precise point positioning. The simulated real-time PPP service confirms that real-time positioning services of accuracy at dm-level and even cm-level is achievable with COMPASS only.     

超精密定位中的几项相关关键技术

通过结合自已的实际工作，分别从伺服进给机构，位置检测技术，数控及伺服控制等几个方面对超精密机床的定位系统进行了说明     

基于粒子滤波和似然比的接收机自主完好性监测算法

由于粒子滤波算法在处理非线性系统非高斯噪声问题具有较大的优势,提出将粒子滤波算法与对数似然比方法有机结合应用于接收机自主完好性监测(Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring,RAIM)中。通过粒子滤波算法对状态进行精确估计,利用对数似然比建立一致性检验统计量进行故障检测。在建立全量累加对数似然比和部分累加对数似然比检验统计值的基础上,通过比较系统各状态累加对数似然比和检测阈值之间的关系,进而对卫星故障进行检测。对算法进行了数学建模,描述了RAIM算法流程。通过实测数据对提出的RAIM算法进行验证,结果表明:粒子滤波在非高斯测量噪声情况下可以对GPS接收机状态进行精确的估计,利用对数似然比建立的一致性检验统计量能有效地检测并隔离故障卫星,验证了该算法应用于接收机自主完好性监测的可行性和有效性。     

应用激光测高仪提高测绘卫星定位精度的研究

双线阵立体测绘卫星定位对外方位元素的测量精度要求高,然而布设控制点成本高,缺少全世界范围内的控制点。针对这一问题,提出应用星载激光测高仪提高定位精度的方法。首先,分析了双线阵立体测绘卫星和激光测高仪的误差特性,即测绘相机定位精度受外方位角元素影响比较大,激光测高仪高程精度受角元素影响相对较小。然后,论证了用激光测高仪提高定位精度的可行性。在相同的卫星平台定向辅助数据下,激光测高仪高程精度要比测绘相机高得多,可以作为高程约束提高定位精度。最后,应用光束法平差原理对激光测高数据作为高程约束进行了仿真试验。结果表明,加入激光测高数据可将双线阵立体测绘卫星的高程精度由8.0m提高到约3.5m。此方法可为实现全球无控制点测绘提供一定参考。     

网络RTK技术在跨海区域动态定位中的应用研究

结合海上高精度定位保障工程实践,描述长基线网络差分定位技术应用的技术构成、应用模式,展示了海上高精度实时动态定位技术优势和应用前景,为海上高精度定位应用提供宝贵经验。     

星载GPS数据质量控制方法研究

针对星载全球定位系统（GPS）数据的特点,分别从阈值设置和周跳检验量的角度对TurboEdit方法进行改进,并在传统抗差估计方法的基础上,提出一种改进的抗差估计策略。利用GRACE卫星的星载GPS观测数据对本文的质量控制方法进行分析验证,结果表明：改进的质量控制方法能明显增强周跳探测性能,有效抑制小周跳和粗差的影响,提高几何法定轨的精度和可靠性。     

一种基于接收机钟差广义插值法的卫星定位增强算法

为提高卫星定位的连续性与精度,分析和讨论了接收机钟差模型辅助定位的可行性与基础,结合广义插值方法建立了一种高精度钟差数学模型及其相应的增强定位算法。该优化拟合模型在分段边界点上满足插值条件,不断利用钟差观测序列的最新均值或加权均值插值点对模型进行约束,使其具有更好的实时性及更高的外推精度。通过GPS实测实验,对方法的可行性和精度进行了分析与验证。结果表明,基于该模型的增强定位算法,既可辅助卫星信号短暂缺失的非完备定位情况,实现三维定位,也可用于正常星座的定位情况,有效提高定位精度。     

“资源三号”卫星三线阵影像几何质量分析

文章首先简要叙述了基于＂资源三号＂（ZY-3）卫星三线阵TLC影像的严格几何成像模型,然后建立了针对外方位角元素的系统误差补偿模型与相机视向量几何检校模型。经地面系统检校后,采用地面高精度控制点数据对非同时相影像进行试验,并对影像平面精度进行分析评价。结果显示ZY-3三线阵TLC影像无控制点状态下外部定位精度优于6像元,内部几何变形优于1.5像元。     

改进概率关联算法在组合导航系统中的应用研究

针对组合导航系统中子系统提供的量测信息相互之间关联性不足的问题,在组合导航系统中引入改进概率关联算法,通过改进的概率关联算法将这些导航信息按一定关系联系起来并进行融合计算。首先通过推导短时间概率关联算法求解惯性导航系统(INS)得到信息的可信概率,并引入掩模算子对全球定位系统(GPS)信息进行精度判断;然后,推导出长时间概率关联算法对组合导航系统信息进行融合;最后,建立修正算法并利用长时间概率关联算法得到的信息对惯性导航系统进行误差修正。仿真结果表明,这一改进的概率关联算法可以有效判断GPS信息精度并提高组合导航系统的导航精度。