螺旋桨安装效应对无人机气动特性影响

为解决某型飞翼布局无人机(UAV)带动力构型风洞试验最大升阻比相对无动力状态大幅下降的问题,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对无人机无动力与带动力构型进行了数值模拟,数值模拟结果分别与无动力以及带动力风洞试验数据吻合良好,在此基础上深入研究了螺旋桨安装效应对无人机气动特性的影响。结果表明:推力螺旋桨与机身之间气动干扰产生的低压区致使阻力增加,从而导致飞机最大升阻比相比无动力状态下降了30.7%。针对无人机在推力螺旋桨影响下出现的最大升阻比下降问题,采用增大螺旋桨与机身之间距离的方法可以有效地消除机身后部出现的低压区,减小了阻力,提升了无人机最大升阻比。桨毂拉长方案在8°和9°迎角下最大升阻比分别提升了17.3%和15.4%。     

Oxygen concentration variation in ullage influenced by dissolved oxygen evolution

To determine the oxygen concentration variation in ullage that results from dissolved oxygen evolution in an inert aircraft fuel tank, the CFD method with a mass transfer source is applied in the present study. An experimental system is also designed to evaluate the accuracy of the CFD simulations. The dissolved oxygen evolution is simulated under different conditions of fuel load and initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert fuel tank with stimulations of heating and pressure decrease. The increase in the oxygen concentration in ullage ranges from 0.82% to 5.92% upon stimulation of heating and from 0.735% to 12.36% upon stimulation of a pressure decrease for an inert ullage in the simulations. The heating accelerates the release of the dissolved oxygen from the fuel by increasing the mass transfer rate in the mass transfer source and decreasing the pressure, thereby accelerating the dissolved oxygen evolution by increasing the concentration difference between the gas and the fuel. The time constant that represents the oxygen evolution rate is independent of the initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert tank but depends closely on the fuel load, temperature and pressure. The time constant can be fitted using a polynomial equation relating the fuel load to temperature in the heating stimulation with an accuracy of 4.77%. Upon stimulation of a pressure decrease, the time constant can be expressed in terms of the fuel load and the pressure, with an accuracy of 5.02%.     

Analysis of pressure characteristics under laminar and turbulent flow states inside the pilot stage of a deflection flapper servo-valve: Mathematical modeling with CFD study and experimental validation

Electro-hydraulic servo-valves are widely used components in the mechanical industry, aerospace and aerodynamic devices which precisely control the airplane or missile wings. Due to the small size and complex structure in the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valves, accurate mathematical models for the flow and pressure characteristics have always been very difficult to be built. In this paper, mathematical models for the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valve are investigated to overcome some gaps between the theoretical formulation and overall performance of the valve by considering different flow states. Here, a mathematical model of the velocity distribution at the flapper groove exit is established by using Schlichting velocity equations for in-compressible laminar fluid flow. Moreover, when the flow becomes turbulent, a mathematical model of pressure characteristics in the receiving ports is built on the basis of the assumption of the collision between the liquid and the jet as the impact of the jet on a moving block of fluid particles. To verify the analytical models for both laminar and turbulent flows, the pressure characteristics of the deflection flapper pilot stage are calculated and tested by using numerical simulation and experiment. Experimental verification of the theory is also presented. The computed numerical and analytical results show a good agreement with experimental data.     

Construction of an airfoil with an irregularity in the flow

Using the method of quasisolutions for inverse boundary-value problems of aerohydrodynamics, a problem of constructing an airfoil was solved by the specified velocity distribution along the sought airfoil contour when there is an irregularity in the flow such as a vorticity source. The cases of a source (sink) and vortex are obtained as particular ones. The airfoils are constructed numerically and analytically and conclusions are made about an influence of the irregularity position and type on the shape and aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil.     

磁流变液及其在工程中的应用

磁流变液是近年来得到广泛重视的一种新型的智能材料，它是由悬浮于载体液中的软磁性颗粒和稳定剂构成。介绍了磁流变液的特性，系统阐述丁磁流变液的研究现状及其在工程中的应用情况，详细分析了磁流变技术存在的问题、关键技术及其发展趋势。     

Thermocapillary simulation of single bubble dynamics in zero gravity

The lack of significant buoyancy effects in zero gravity conditions poses an issue with fluid transfer in a stagnant liquid. In this paper bubble movement in a stagnant liquid is analysed and presented numerically using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. The governing continuum conservation equations for two phase flow are solved using the commercial software package Ansys-Fluent v.13 and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used to track the liquid/gas interface in 2D and 3D domains. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the earlier experimental observations, the VOF algorithm is found to be a valuable tool for studying the phenomena of gas–liquid interaction. The flow is driven via Marangoni influence induced by the temperature difference which in turn drives the bubble from the cold to the hot region. A range of thermal Reynolds (Re_T) and Marangoni numbers (Ma_T) are selected for the numerical simulations, specifically Re_T=13–658 and Ma_T=214–10,721 respectively. The results indicate that the inherent velocity of bubbles decreases with an increase of the Marangoni number, a result that is line with the results of previous space experiments (Kang et al., 2008) [1]. An expression for predicting the scaled velocity of bubble has been derived based on the data obtained in the present numerical study. Some three-dimensional simulations are also performed to compare and examine the results with two-dimensional simulations.     

油液压缩性对减摆器工作特性的影响

讨论了考虑油液压缩性时减摆阻尼器的数学模型,在液压缸的压力微分方程中引入变化的体积弹性模量。用数字仿真方法模拟减摆阻尼器的动态阻尼特性,并与K8飞机的前轮操纵减摆器的动态阻尼试验作了对比。试验工况包含有意设置的缺油工况,即明显含有空气泡的情况。结果表明,不考虑油液压缩性的仿真结果与实测功量图明显不符,油液压缩性对减摆阻尼器的动态阻尼特性有较大影响。本文还讨论了含气量、振幅、频率等因素对动态阻尼特性的影响     

失重状态下圆环形容器内旋转液体的液面形状分析

本文研究失重状态下圆环形容器内稳态旋转液体的液面形状。在确定了液面极值点的位置后，导出了液面形状的积分计算公式。本文还分析了液面破裂时的临界转速，并求得了液面位置与液体体积之间的关系式。     

跨声速嗡鸣诱发机理及其失稳参数研究

跨声速嗡鸣问题是现代飞行器设计和使用过程中的拦路虎,会造成操纵面的损坏或严重变形。目前嗡鸣研究的局限在于缺乏预测嗡鸣触发参数范围的有效方法,难以指导工程实践。本文通过基于ROM的气动弹性分析模型和CFD/CSD时域仿真方法,研究了三种类型嗡鸣的触发条件及其参数的物理意义。相关结果表明,三种嗡鸣本质都是亚稳定的流动模态和结构模态耦合诱发结构失稳。降阶模型进一步揭示嗡鸣的触发要求流动的稳定裕量足够低(往往在抖振边界附近),同时结构频率在开环伯德图的零极点频率之间。该研究有助于对嗡鸣物理更深入的理解以及提出新的嗡鸣抑制方法。     

大型客机涡扇发动机动力特性模拟

机体/发动机干扰问题是现代大型客机设计中必须考虑和解决的核心问题之一。长期以来,商用和in-house计算流体力学（CFD）软件,都是通过在发动机进气口设置质量流量比,排气口和外涵道设置总温比/总压比,建立动力特性模型来等效模拟机体/发动机干扰流场。在现有动力特性模型基础上,借鉴特征边界思想,将外涵道指定为特征边界,建立了一种新的发动机动力特性模型。采用轴对称超高涵道比涡扇发动机模型、轴对称涡轮动力模型以及某型客机带发动机模型对两种动力特性模型进行了系统的验证和确认,结果表明：两种发动机动力特性模型均能很好地模拟涡扇发动机动力效应,且计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,说明了两种动力特性模型的正确性、可靠性以及工程适用性。此外,所建立的新动力特性模型特别适合于大涵道比涡扇发动机的动力效应模拟,且可以在外涵道总温比、总压比等参数未知的情形下,评估发动机的动力特性,在实际工程中应用更广泛。