直升机红外辐射的理论计算

选取了适当的理论计算方法,给出了计算公式和计算步骤,进而在所假设的飞行状态下计算了直升机的红外辐射,包括直升机发动机的排气管辐射和直升机蒙皮辐射的全辐射量和红外波段辐射量,最后对计算结果进行了分析。从分析来看,计算结果是可信的。     

坝陵河大桥桥位深切峡谷风剖面实测研究

用相控阵声雷达风廓线仪对坝陵河大桥桥址处深切峡谷中风剖面进行了实地观测,结果表明:在地形复杂的山区深切峡谷中,平均风剖面受峡谷地形影响较大,形态有时显得较为复杂而不规则,呈现锯齿形、正切变形或逆切变形等多样化.在峡谷的上半部,平均风速较大时其剖面相对较为规则,但不符合规范中描述平坦地貌平均风速剖面的幂函数形式,而具有e指数函数的变化规律.此外,统计显示,风向角在低空范围内受峡谷地形的影响要比在高空范围内严重,其在低空范围的变化幅度也要比在高空范围的变化幅度大.风迎角的散布范围和绝对值大小均随高度的增加呈减小的趋势.观测得到的峡谷湍流度大于平坦地貌湍流度的规范推荐值,同时峡谷湍流度具有一定的随机性,并且这种随机性随高度的增加而变大.     

压力敏感涂料的标定及在气膜冷却效率测量中的应用

采用自行设计的标定装置对压力敏感涂料进行了标定实验,研究了激励光源光强、温度两种参数对标定曲线的影响.结果表明:当激励光源光强能够使得光敏分子发生氧猝熄条件下,激励光源光强对标定曲线的影响可以忽略不计;标定曲线对温度变化较为敏感.据此提出了采用二维插值方法得出发射光强关于压力比、温度比的表达式,从而对测量结果进行温度修正.在此基础上,将压力敏感涂料测试技术分别应用于圆柱孔、扇形孔气膜冷却效率的测量中,所得实验数据与前人结果符合较好.      

三维广布裂纹应力强度因子求解

 针对飞机结构表面由于腐蚀、疲劳等原因存在三维广布裂纹,相邻裂纹在疲劳载荷作用下相互影响、相互促进,从而加速了结构破坏。为了定量描述相邻裂纹间的影响规律,采用参数化有限元方法,结合1/4节点位移方法和循环迭代算法,对一有限厚矩形板表面有两个半椭圆表面裂纹在拉伸载荷作用下进行了求解,得到两裂纹在共面、中心叠加平行和斜平行3种位置状态时的应力强度因子和应力变化图,计算结果为含三维广布裂纹飞机结构的剩余强度和疲劳寿命确定提供了理论依据。     

湍流特性对矩形高层建筑风荷载影响的研究

为研究湍流特性对矩形高层建筑风荷载及周围绕流特性的影响,对4种不同地貌条件下9种深宽比的矩形高层建筑进行了风洞测压试验,考察了湍流度与湍流积分尺度对不同深宽比建筑平均、脉动与极值风压,以及横风向气动力谱和流动分离再附特性的影响规律。结果表明,随湍流度增大,分离流更早再附于侧风面上,郊区地貌下再附点出现位置较开阔地貌提前约30%,且分离流下平均风压减小、极值风压增大(均指绝对值),最不利脉动风压与极值出现位置更靠近前缘;随湍流积分尺度减小,迎风面、背风面与侧风面的平均和极值风压均减小,但湍流积分尺度对分离再附流形态及分离流下的风压分布形状影响不大。相对于深宽比更大的情况,湍流特性对深宽比介于1到2的建筑影响更大。     

Using land use change trajectories to quantify the effects of urbanization on urban heat island

This paper proposed a quantitative method of land use change trajectory, which means the succession among different land use types across time, to examine the effects of urbanization on an urban heat island (UHI). To accomplish this, multi-temporal images from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) of Xiamen City in China from 1987 to 2007 were selected. First, the land use change trajectories were extracted based on the classified images from different years. Then the land surface temperatures (LST) were retrieved and the magnitudes of the UHI were evaluated using the UHI intensity (UHII) indicator. Finally, the indices of the contribution to UHI intensity (CUHII) were constructed and calculated to quantify the effects of each land use change trajectory on the UHI during urbanization. The results demonstrated that the land use change trajectories and CUHII are effective and useful in quantifying the effects of urbanization on UHI. In Xiamen City, a total of 2218 land use change trajectories were identified and 530 of them were the existing urban or urbanization trajectories. The UHII presents a trend of continuous increase from 0.83 °C in 1987 to 2.14 °C in 2007. With respect to the effects of urban growth on UHI, the contribution of existing urban area to UHI decreased during urbanization. Prior to 2007, the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 had the most significant effect on UHI with the greatest CUHII, while the value has decreased from 55.00% in 1987 to 13.03% in 2007 because of the addition of new urbanized area. In 2007, the greatest CUHII was replaced by a trajectory from farmland to built-up area (NO. 22224) with the CUHII of 21.98%, followed by the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 with the CUHII of 13.03%. These results provide not only a new methodology to assess the environmental effects of urbanization, but also decision-supports for the planning and management of cities.     

Radio sounding of the solar wind acceleration region with spacecraft signals

Data from coronal radio-sounding experiments carried out on various interplanetary spacecraft are used to derive the empirical radial dependence of solar wind velocity and density at heliocentric distances from 3 to 60 solar radii for heliolatitudes below 60° and for low solar activity. The radial dependencies of solar wind power and acceleration are derived from these results. Summaries of the radial behavior of characteristic parameters of the solar wind turbulence (e.g., the spectral index and the inner and outer turbulence scales), as well as the fractional density fluctuation, are also presented. These radio-sounding results provide a benchmark for models of the solar wind in its acceleration region.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of unsymmetrical aerofoil at various turbulence intensities

A series of wind tunnel tests were performed to investigate the effect of turbulent inflows on the aerodynamic characteristics of the unsymmetrical airfoil at various turbulence intensities and Reynolds number. To assess the aerodynamic characteristics, surface pressure measurements were made over the unsymmetrical airfoil surface by using a simultaneous pressure scanner MPS4264 of Scanivalve make. Self-generated passive grids made of parallel arrays of round bars were placed at four different locations to generate various Turbulence Intensities (TI) in the wind tunnel. The location of the passive grid has been normalized in terms of considering the distance between the entry of the test section and the leading edge of the model. Based on the wind tunnel results, by comparing the baseline without grid low turbulence case TI = 0.51% with other turbulence generated cases like TI = 4.68%, 4.73%, 6.04% and 8.46% at different Reynolds number, it is found that the coefficient of lift increases with the increase in the turbulence intensity. Results also reveal that the flow featuring turbulence can effectively delay the stall characteristics of an airfoil by attaching the flow over the airfoil for an extended region. Additionally, attempts were made to understand the influence of turbulence on the aerodynamic hysteresis.     

II型裂纹扩展与绝热剪切带传播的数值对比

通过数值计算的方法,对比绝热剪切带内裂纹扩展和预制II型疲劳裂纹扩展的动态性能参数。分析热塑失稳现象中裂纹的传播与绝热剪切带传播的关系。采用ABAQUS/CAE进行二维模型建立,预制疲劳裂纹和绝热剪切带,分析计算了材料在2种情况的应力应变时间曲线、II型动态应力强度时间历程以及裂纹扩展速度。计算结果表明,预制绝热剪切带与预制疲劳裂纹对于材料的破坏方式影响一致,即裂纹跟随绝热剪切带传播最终导致材料失效。