Discretized Miller approach to assess effects on boundary layer ingestion induced distortion

The performance of propulsion configurations with boundary layer ingestion (BLI) is affected to a large extent by the level of distortion in the inlet flow field. Through flow methods and parallel compressor have been used in the past to calculate the effects of this aerodynamic inte-gration issue on the fan performance;however high-fidelity through flow methods are computation-ally expensive, which limits their use at preliminary design stage. On the other hand, parallel compressor has been developed to assess only circumferential distortion. This paper introduces a discretized semi-empirical performance method, which uses empirical correlations for blade and performance calculations. This tool discretizes the inlet region in radial and circumferential direc-tions enabling the assessment of deterioration in fan performance caused by the combined effect of both distortion patterns. This paper initially studies the accuracy and suitability of the semi-empirical discretized method by comparing its predictions with CFD and experimental data for a baseline case working under distorted and undistorted conditions. Then a test case is examined, which corresponds to the propulsor fan of a distributed propulsion system with BLI. The results obtained from the validation study show a good agreement with the experimental and CFD results under design point conditions.     

叶轮机械叶片弯掠气动技术研究进展

叶片弯掠技术在叶轮机械设计中的应用,使叶片通道流场的稳定性得到了明显改善,叶轮机械的工作效率得到了显著提升,越来越引起研究者的重视。结合近年来在叶片弯掠气动技术领域开展的研究,详细综述了国内外叶片弯掠技术在叶轮机械设计中的研究进展。首先,回顾了叶片弯掠气动技术的发展历程,将叶轮机械叶片的设计分为3个阶段,分别是直叶片、扭叶片和以弯扭掠为主要特征的空间叶片,并指出以弯扭掠为主要特征的第3代叶片虽然已经得到应用,但仍有很多问题还没有完全解决。然后,分析现有研究中对叶片弯掠的定义,指出其本质均是在直叶片的基础上,通过移动叶型积叠点的位置使叶片产生弯曲或扫掠的效果,进而拓展叶片的设计空间。其次,综述了叶片弯掠对流场的影响,并归纳总结其作用机理是通过改变叶片对气流的作用力在径向的分量,实现叶片载荷和流量沿叶展的再分配,进而控制低能流体微团的输运,减小二次流损失。最后,对叶片弯掠气动技术在今后的发展方向进行了展望。该研究为叶轮机械叶片弯掠气动技术的进一步研究提供参考。     

Numerical study of corner separation in a linear compressor cascade using various turbulence models

Three-dimensional corner separation is a common phenomenon that significantly affects compressor performance.Turbulence model is still a weakness for RANS method on predicting corner separation flow accurately.In the present study,numerical study of corner separation in a linear highly loaded prescribed velocity distribution(PVD) compressor cascade has been investigated using seven frequently used turbulence models.The seven turbulence models include Spalart–Allmaras model,standard k–e model,realizable k–e model,standard k–x model,shear stress transport k–x model,v~2–f model and Reynolds stress model.The results of these turbulence models have been compared and analyzed in detail with available experimental data.It is found the standard k–e model,realizable k–e model,v~2–f model and Reynolds stress model can provide reasonable results for predicting three dimensional corner separation in the compressor cascade.The Spalart–Allmaras model,standard k–x model and shear stress transport k–x model overestimate corner separation region at incidence of 0°.The turbulence characteristics are discussed and turbulence anisotropy is observed to be stronger in the corner separating region.     

叶轮机通流计算的时间推进方法

本文首次将时间推进思想应用于通流计算,采用四级龙格-库塔方法求解,根本上解决了目前出现的轴向流动跨音高负荷叶轮机设计困难,初步工作取得了较好结果。作者们预期,时间推进通流计算方法还将弥补现有许多通流计算方法的不足,将在工程设计中发挥更大作用。      

Baldwin-Lomax 模型在转静干涉流动中的应用

本文以拉格朗日方式研究叶轮机内动、静叶间的相互作用,通过直接跟踪流体涡团的时间历程,来描述流体的非定常流动过程。发展了代数湍流模型（Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ湍流模型）在尾迹中的应用方法,克服了其它数值方法中无法准确捕捉尾迹中心线的运动轨迹,以及计算出的边界层外的湍流涡粘性系数偏大的缺陷。用该方法对叶轮机内转子／静子相互作用过程进行了数值模拟,与实验的对照表明,该方法是可信的。数值结果还表明,采用该模型能正确地模拟出叶轮机内尾迹和各种旋涡等非定常因素的流动过程,从而为研究叶轮机内非定常流动及掺混过程提供了一个新途径。     

Validation of a novel mixing-plane method for multistage turbomachinery steady flow analysis

The steady calculation based on the mixing-plane method is still the most widely-used three-dimensional flow analysis tool for multistage turbomachines. For modern turbomachines, the trend of design is to reach higher aerodynamic loading but with still further compact size. In such a case, the traditional mixing-plane method has to be revised to give a more physically mean-ingful prediction. In this paper, a novel mixing-plane method was proposed, and three representa-tive test cases including a transonic compressor, a highly-loaded centrifugal compressor and a high-pressure axial turbine were performed for validation purpose. This novel mixing-plane method can satisfy the flux conservation perfectly. Reverse flow across the mixing-plane interface can be resolved naturally, thus making this method numerically robust. Artificial reflection at the mixing-plane interface is almost eliminated, and then its detrimental impact on the flow field is min-imized. Generally, this mixing-plane method is suitable to simulate steady flows in highly-loaded multistage turbomachines.     

轴流压气机静子叶片非定常表面压力试验

对一台单级轴流压气机静子叶片非定常表面压力进行了测量.叶片非定常表面压力分析表明:失速前,叶片非定常表面压力的主要影响因素为相邻叶排叶片的尾迹和势扰动,叶片非定常表面压力及气动力波动的幅值大小取决于压气机的总压升,主导频率为叶片通过频率及其倍频(主要为2倍频和3倍频),其频率是转子转动频率的整数倍;失速后,叶片非定常表面压力的主要影响因素转变为旋转失速团,主导频率为失速团频率,其频率小于转子转动频率.      

Computation of unsteady turbomachinery flows: Part 2—LES and hybrids

The choice of turbulence model can have a strong impact on results for many turbomachinery zones. Palliative corrections to them and also transition modeling can have a further profound solution impact. The spectral gaps necessary for theoretically valid URANS solutions are also lacking in certain turbomachinery zones. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) alleviates the serious area of turbulence modeling uncertainty but with an extreme increase in computational cost. However, there seems a lack of validation data to explore in depth the performance of LES and thus strategies to refine it. LES best practices are needed. Although LES is, obviously, much less model dependent than RANS, grids currently used for more practical simulations are clearly insufficiently fine for the LES model and numerical schemes not to be playing an excessively strong role. Very few turbomachinery simulations make use of properly constructed, correlated turbulence inflow. Even if this is attempted, most measurement sets are incomplete and lack an adequate basis for modeling this inflow. Gas turbines are highly complex coupled systems and hence inflow and outflow boundary condition specification needs to go beyond just synthesizing turbulent structures and preventing their reflection.Despite the strong limitations of the dissipative Smagorinsky model, it still sees the most wide spread use, generally, in excessively dissipative flow solvers. Monotone Integrated LES (MILES) related approaches, hybrid LES–RANS and more advanced LES models seem to have an equal but subservient frequency of use in turbomachinery applications. Clearly the introduction of a RANS layer can have a substantial accuracy penalty. However, it does allow LES to be rationally used, albeit in a diluted sense for industrial applications. The Reynolds numbers found in turbomachinery are substantial. However, in certain areas evidence suggests they will not be enough to ensure a long inertial subrange and hence the use of standard LES modeling practices.Despite the excessively coarse grids used in much of the LES work reviewed, with essentially RANS based codes, meaningful results are often gained. This can perhaps be attributed to the choice of cases, these being ones for which RANS modeling gives extremely poor performance. It is a concern that for practical turbomachinery LES studies grid densities used tend to have an Reynolds number scaling to a strong negative power.     

时间推进法求解叶轮机械内不可压流动

发展了一种用时间推进方法求解叶轮机械内部不可压流动的计算程序。在这个程序中, 使用分布体力方法简化湍流粘性的求解过程, 根据Ｂａｌｄｗ ｉｎ－Ｌｏａｍ ｘ 两层代数湍流模型确定粘性应力的大小。程序中还使用局部时间步长和多重网格数值技术加速收敛。火箭燃料主泵前诱导轮内部流场的实例计算表明, 采用这一计算程序能够正确预测叶轮机械内部不可压流场。     

Adjoint boundary sensitivity method to assess the effect of nonuniform boundary conditions

The performance of turbomachinery is largely affected by the nonuniform boundary conditions caused by the coupling between neighboring parts, such as the inlet distortion and hot streak. Existing works study this problem by comparing the flow fields with uniform and nonuniform boundary conditions, which is cost extensive. In this work a new and efficient method is developed by computing the sensitivities of arbitrary performance metric relative to the boundary conditions and this method quantita...