小型弹用涡轮发动机发展综述

小型涡轮喷气和涡轮风扇发动机可为高亚音速、中远程导弹提供理想的巡航动力,是各军事强国竞争的焦点。弹用涡轮发动机具有成本低、寿命短、尺寸小、转速高、增压比低、容积热强度大、起动和点火方式多样等特点,已被广泛应用于巡航、反舰和空地等多种战略与战术导弹。从国内外主要产品及其技术参数、性能与结构基本特点、应用现状、发展趋势等方面,对20世纪70年代以来100~700daN推力范围内弹用涡轮发动机的发展情况进行梳理和分析。指出更低成本、更少油耗和更优结构将是未来导弹推进系统继续追求的目标;螺桨风扇发动机高速性好、耗油率低,脉冲爆震涡轮发动机循环效率高、结构简单,是未来先进弹用涡轮发动机重要的发展方向。     

Design and optimization of a novel electrically controlled high pressure fuel injection system for heavy fuel aircraft piston engine

The heavy fuel compression ignition engines are widely equipped as aircraft piston engines. The fuel injection system is one of the key technologies that determines the performance of engine. One of the main challenges is to precisely control the injected fuel quantity and flow rate in the presence of pressure fluctuation. This challenge is even more serious for heavy fuel. An original design for electrically controlled high pressure fuel injection system called Multi-Pumppressure-reservoirs fuel injection System(MPS) was demonstrated to reduce the pressure fluctuation and help keep injection stable. MPS was compared with an ordinary high pressure Common Rail fuel injection System(CRS). This work established one-dimensional AMESim and mathematical models for both CRS and MPS to study the effect of different structures and geometric parameters on the pressure fluctuations. The calculations show that the average fuel pressure fluctuation of MPS can be reduced by 57% for the crankshaft speed of 1900 r/min, and the pressure fluctuation before injection reduced by 100%. It is concluded that the pressure performance of MPS is less sensitive to pressure reservoir volume than that of CRS, and there is an opportunity for further volume reduction.     

高空低气压下电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性模拟实验

为研究高空低气压下飞行器表面电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性,以尖端导体电晕放电为研究对象,进行了低气压下电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性模拟实验,给出了辐射电场幅值与气压的关系表达式,并基于气体放电和电磁场理论总结了电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性随电压极性、气压以及测试距离的变化规律。结果表明:电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射电场时域波形呈衰减振荡形式,持续时间约为600 ns,首脉冲方向随电压极性的不同而不同,且辐射电场分量主要集中在与放电针相同的极化方向;辐射电场频谱主要分布在500 MHz以内,在35 MHz和170 MHz处出现稳定的波峰;在气压为4~30 kPa范围内,随着气压的降低,放电电磁脉冲辐射电场增强;随着测试距离的增加,电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射电场逐渐衰减。该研究结论可为低气压下飞行器电晕放电电磁脉冲辐射特性研究提供有益参考。     

基于LPV状态空间模型的小型航空煤油二冲程发动机喷油控制策略

为了简化基于平均值模型的喷油控制模型的计算,根据线性变参数(LPV)状态空间模型原理,在平均值模型的基础上建立了LPV状态空间喷油控制模型,利用Matlab/Simulink工具对稳态工况和瞬态工况的喷油脉宽控制模型进行仿真,最后在发动机试验台架上进行试验验证.仿真和试验结果表明:①基于LPV状态空间模型的喷油控制模型能够满足瞬态工况和稳态工况控制的要求,计算的喷油脉宽精度略低于平均值模型,由于LPV状态空间模型计算简单,能够直接应用于控制算法的设计,因此在工程中容易实现.②与插值算法相比,基于LPV状态空间模型的控制策略使发动机的动力输出有所下降,主要是由于模型简化造成进气空气流量减小引起的.      

双脉冲固体火箭发动机压强振荡特性研究

为了研究隔舱消融对双脉冲发动机中燃烧室的压强振荡影响规律,选择隔舱消融几个典型时刻进行研究,运用大涡模拟(LES)方法,对Ⅱ脉冲工作时的发动机流场稳定性进行数值模拟.最后得到了各工况下的压强时间曲线及其快速傅氏变换(FFT)结果.分析表明:由于Ⅱ脉冲工作初期隔舱暴露在流场中产生额外扰动,以及隔舱级间通道形成狭窄通道的加速作用,是导致边界层分离而引起障碍涡脱落的主要因素.点火初期,双脉冲发动机易发生轻微压强振荡.随隔舱消融,整个流场在发动机工作中、后期逐渐趋于平稳.      

考虑喷油润滑的附件机匣温度场分析

附件机匣作为航空发动机重要部件之一,其产热和散热的问题比较复杂.针对以往附件机匣相关研究只关注固体域的产热、散热分析,而对滑油散热作用不能充分考虑这一问题的现状,提出了基于流体仿真思想的稳态温度场分析方法.首先,通过分析附件机匣产热、散热问题的基本规律和特点,进一步采用k-ε湍流模型来模拟机匣内的情况,多相流模型模拟滑油,并且使用多参考坐标系模拟滑油在运动过程中的换热.最后,以某附件机匣作为具体应用案例,验证了方法的正确性和可行性,从而形成了一套行之有效的使用FLUENT软件对附件机匣进行稳态温度场仿真分析的模型和方法.研究的成果对于后续附件机匣的可靠性与寿命分析有重要支撑作用.      

姿态角幅值约束下的太阳帆Lissajous轨道保持控制

太阳帆航天器以两姿态角作为轨道控制输入时, 其轨道动力学方程具有非仿射非线性特性. 通过人工平动点处线性化获得的线性系统可完成太阳帆航天器轨道保持控制器的分析与设计. 由于线性近似模型为有误差模型, 存在近似有效范围约束, 表现为轨道高度约束和姿态角幅值约束. 本文研究了姿态角幅值约束对线性近似模型有效性的影响, 通过计算给出满足近似误差要求的姿态角幅值约束. 当控制输入存在幅值约束时, 控制器轨道修正能力受到束缚. 通过研究姿态角幅值约束下的最大允许入轨误差, 设计了最大允许入轨误差下线性二次型调节器(LQR)用于轨道保持控制, 并将控制器应用于太阳帆日地三体系统非线性模型中, 实现了日地人工L₁点Lissajous轨道最大允许入轨误差的控制收敛和良好精度下的轨道保持控制.      

New trade tree for manned mars missions

Recent studies on human missions to Mars suggest revisiting the parameters that have the most important impact on the complexity, the initial mass in low Earth orbit, the risks and the development costs for the first journey to the red planet. In the last NASA reference mission, a trade tree is proposed.     

Numerical investigation of the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics

Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics using the commercial-code FLUENT. The asymmetry of fuel injection is examined by changing the fuel flow rates of the upper and lower wall fuel injectors. The numerical approach solves the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, supplemented with a k-ω model of turbulence. As a result, different ways of fuel injections will always lead to shock train transitions, with the variations of shock train structure, strength and leading edge position. For symmetric fuel injection, the flowfield of the isolator is quite asymmetric with the boundary layer of the upper wall side developing much stronger than that of the lower wall, which is due to the heterogeneity of the incoming flow. Regarding to asymmetric fuel injection with more of lower wall side, though the pressures in the combustor are nearly the same, the first shock of the shock train converts between ‘Distinct symmetric X type shock’ and ‘Obscure and weaker asymmetric shock’ and the shock train leading edge moves upstream with the increase of the asymmetry level. With regard to asymmetric fuel injection with more of upper wall side, ‘incomplete asymmetric X type shock’ occurs and the shock train structures keep nearly the same with low level of fuel injection asymmetry. Unexpected results like unstart will happen when increasing the level of fuel injection asymmetry. And the isolator will come back to normal state by decreasing the differential of upper and lower wall sides fuel injections.