运输类飞机安保事项

2002年和2008年美国联邦航空局(FAA)分别发布的联邦航空条例FAR25部第25-106和25-127修正案,对运输类飞机提出了全面的安保要求。介绍了运输类飞机安保要求的背景和演变历史,对安保要求进行了解析。最后针对安保发展趋势、在役飞机和在审型号设计及C919 飞机对安保要求的贯彻情况进行了总结。     

浅析民用运输类飞机机体防冰的适航新规章

2009年8月3日,美国联邦航空局（FAA）在联邦注册报上发布了联邦航空条例FAR25部第25-129号修正案—＂结冰保护的启动＂,对运输类飞机结冰探测方式和结冰保护系统（IPS）工作方式提出了明确要求。阐述了第25-129号修正案颁布前机体防冰及相关规章的演变历史,在对该修正案研究的基础上,提出了新规章推出后对防冰系统适航要求的关键点,以及机体防冰相关规章的发展趋势,供系统设计和适航审查参考。     

智能交通系统(ITS)的发展 及其模型化研究

智能交通系统在欧洲也称道路交通信息通讯系统,是基于系统工程、电子、通信、信息等多种高新技术,并已渗透到航空、水运、铁路交通领域的新型交通系统.ITS的建立可以提高路网通行能力和服务水平,改善环保质量,提高能源利用率.介绍其基本概念以及国内外发展的概况后,提出了智能交通系统的学科体系模型、服务功能模型和网络层次模型,并简要分析了模型化的意义.最后,对系统的标准化问题及模型化研究对标准化的作用作了简单地介绍.     

Effect of pitch angle on initial stage of a transport airplane ditching

Airworthiness regulations require that the transport airplane should be proved to ensure the survivability of the ditching for the passengers. The planned ditching of a transport airplane on the calm water is numerically simulated. The effect of pitch angle on the impact characteristics is especially investigated by a subscaled model. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations of unsteady compressible flow are solved and the realizable j-e equations are employed to model the turbulence. The transformation of the air-water interface is tracked by volume of fluid (VOF) model. The motion of the rigid body is modeled by dynamic mesh method. The initial ditching stage of the transport airplane is analyzed in detail. The numerical results show that as the pitching angle increases, the maximal normal force decreases and the pitching motion becomes much gentler. The aft fuselage would be sucked down by the water and lead to pitching up, whereas the low horizontal tail prevents this trend. Consequently, the transport aircraft with low horizontal tail should ditch on the water at an angle between 10 and 12 as a recommendation.     

Statistical validation of HZETRN as a function of vertical cutoff rigidity using ISS measurements

Measurements taken in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) onboard the International Space Station (ISS) and transit vehicles have been extensively used to validate radiation transport models. Primarily, such comparisons were done by integrating measured data over mission or trajectory segments so that individual comparisons to model results could be made. This approach has yielded considerable information but is limited in its ability to rigorously quantify and differentiate specific model errors or uncertainties. Further, as exploration moves beyond LEO and measured data become sparse, the uncertainty estimates derived from these validation cases will no longer be applicable. Recent improvements in the underlying numerical methods used in HZETRN have resulted in significant decreases in code run time. Therefore, the large number of comparisons required to express error as a function of a physical quantity, like cutoff rigidity, are now possible. Validation can be looked at in detail over any portion of a flight trajectory (e.g. minute by minute) such that a statistically significant number of comparisons can be made. This more rigorous approach to code validation will allow the errors caused by uncertainties in the geometry models, environmental models, and nuclear physics models to be differentiated and quantified. It will also give much better guidance for future model development. More importantly, it will allow a quantitative means of extrapolating uncertainties in LEO to free space. In this work, measured data taken onboard the ISS during solar maximum are compared to results obtained with the particle transport code HZETRN. Comparisons are made at a large number (∼77,000) of discrete time intervals, allowing error estimates to be given as a function of cutoff rigidity. It is shown that HZETRN systematically underestimates exposure quantities at high cutoff rigidity. The errors are likely associated with increased angular variation in the geomagnetic field near the equator, the lack of pion production in HZETRN, and errors in high energy nuclear physics models, and will be the focus of future work.     

Comparison of the transport codes HZETRN,HETC and FLUKA for galactic cosmic rays

The HZETRN deterministic radiation code is one of several tools developed to analyze the effects of harmful galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events on mission planning and shielding for astronauts and instrumentation. This paper is a comparison study involving the two Monte Carlo transport codes, HETC–HEDS and FLUKA and the deterministic transport code, HZETRN. Each code is used to transport an ion from the 1977 solar minimum GCR spectrum impinging upon a 20 g/cm² aluminum slab followed by a 30 g/cm² water slab. This research is part of a systematic effort of verification and validation to quantify the accuracy of HZETRN and determine areas where it can be improved. Comparisons of dose and dose equivalent values at various depths in the water slab are presented in this report. This is followed by a comparison of the proton and forward, backward and total neutron flux at various depths in the water slab. Comparisons of the secondary light ion ²H, ³H, ³He and ⁴He fluxes are also examined.     

Cosmic ray anisotropies in the outer heliosphere

The observation of the directional distribution of energetic and cosmic ray particles has been done with the Voyager spacecraft over a long period. Since 2002, when the first flux enhancements of charged particles associated with the approach of Voyager 1 to the solar wind termination shock were observed, these anisotropy measurements have become of special interest. They play an important role to understand the magnetic field and shock structure and the basics of the modulation of cosmic ray and anomalous particles at and beyond the termination shock. They also serve as motivation to study the spatial behavior of galactic and anomalous cosmic ray anisotropies with numerical modulation models in order to illustrate how the radial anisotropy, at different energies, change from upstream to downstream of the termination shock. Observations made by Voyager 1 indicate that the termination shock is a complicated region than previously thought, hence the effects of the latitude dependence of the termination shock’s compression ratio and injection efficiency on the radial anisotropies of galactic and anomalous protons will be illustrated. We find that the magnitude and direction of the radial anisotropy strongly depends on the position in the heliosphere and the energy of particles. The effect of the TS on the radial anisotropy is to abruptly increase its value in the heliosheath especially in the A > 0 cycle for galactic protons and in both polarity cycles for anomalous protons. Furthermore, the global effect of the latitude dependence of the shock’s compression ratio is to increase the radial anisotropy for galactic protons throughout the heliosphere, while when combined with the latitude dependence of the injection efficiency this increase depends on modulation factors for anomalous protons and can even alter the direction of the radial anisotropy.     

中国市场直接运营成本（DOC）计算方法研究与应用

民机运营经济性的分析是民机市场销售成功的关键因素。首先总结了直接使用成本（DOC）模型的研究进展;然后结合中国市场情况,提出一种简单可行的用于民用飞机方案评估的DOC计算模型;接着给出了某典型喷气式客机的计算分析算例,结果表明本文所示的计算方法具有一定的工程指导意义;最后提出进一步研究的主要方向。     

An update about recent developments of the PHITS code

PHITS (Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System) is a general-purpose three-dimensional Monte Carlo code, developed and maintained by RIST, JAEA and KEK in Japan together with Sihver et al. at Chalmers in Sweden. PHITS can deal with the transports of all varieties of hadrons and heavy ions with energies up to around 100 GeV/nucleon, and in this paper the current status of PHITS is presented. We introduce a relativistically covariant version of JQMD, called R-JQMD, that features an improved ground state initialization algorithm, and we will present the introduction of electron and photon transport in PHITS using EGS5, which have increased the energy region for the photon and energy transport from up to around 3 GeV to up to several hundred GeV depending on the atomic number of the target. We show how the accuracy in dose and fluence calculations can be improved by using tabulated cross sections. Benchmarking of shielding and irradiation effects of high energy protons in different materials relevant for shielding of accelerator facilities is also presented. In particular, we show that PHITS can be used for estimating the dose received by aircrews and personnel in space. In recent years, many countries have issued regulations or recommendations to set annual dose limitations for aircrews. Since estimation of cosmic-ray spectra in the atmosphere is an essential issue for the evaluation of aviation doses, we have calculated these spectra using PHITS. The accuracy of the atmospheric propagation simulation of cosmic-ray performed by PHITS has been well verified by experimental cosmic-ray spectra taken under various conditions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the simulation results, an analytical model called “PARMA” has been proposed for instantaneously estimating the atmospheric cosmic-ray spectra below the altitude of 20 km. We have also performed preliminary simulations of long-term dose distribution measurements at the ISS performed with the joint ESA-FSA experiment MATROSHKA-R (MTR-R) led by the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems (IMBP) and the ESA supported experiment MATROSHKA (MTR), led by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). For the purpose of examining the applicability of PHITS to the shielding design in space, the absorbed doses in a tissue equivalent water phantom inside an imaginary space vessel has been estimated for different shielding materials of different thicknesses. The results confirm previous results which indicate that PHITS is a suitable tool when performing shielding design studies of spacecrafts.     

AECSC-J ASMIN湍流燃烧仿真软件研发和检验

航空发动机燃烧室几何结构复杂,湍流和化学反应存在强烈非线性相互作用,需要对流动和燃烧及其相互作用进行高精度高时空分辨率的刻画,目前燃烧室湍流燃烧数值模拟仍然是高难度的瓶颈问题之一。介绍了由北京航空航天大学航空发动机数值仿真研究中心、北京应用物理与计算数学研究所和中国工程物理研究院高性能数值模拟软件中心联合研发的AECSC-JASMIN软件主要框架、算法以及针对该软件的算例检验。在Sandia射流火焰、支板火焰和单头部燃烧室检验算例中,对比实验数据,射流和支板火焰预测结果与实验值一致;支板算例的平均相对误差在15%之内;单头部燃烧室模拟结果符合物理实际,总压损失与实验值基本吻合。说明AECSC-JASMIN软件可用于复杂结构高分辨率高精度湍流燃烧数值模拟。