Interior Evolution of Mercury

The interior evolution of Mercury—the innermost planet in the solar system, with its exceptional high density—is poorly known. Our current knowledge of Mercury is based on observations from Mariner 10’s three flybys. That knowledge includes the important discoveries of a weak, active magnetic field and a system of lobate scarps that suggests limited radial contraction of the planet during the last 4 billion years. We review existing models of Mercury’s interior evolution and further present new 2D and 3D convection models that consider both a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity and core cooling. These studies provide a framework for understanding the basic characteristics of the planet’s internal evolution as well as the role of the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, mantle viscosity, and sulfur content of the core have had on the history of Mercury’s interior. The existence of a dynamo-generated magnetic field suggests a growing inner core, as model calculations show that a thermally driven dynamo for Mercury is unlikely. Thermal evolution models suggest a range of possible upper limits for the sulfur content in the core. For large sulfur contents the model cores would be entirely fluid. The observation of limited planetary contraction (∼1–2 km)—if confirmed by future missions—may provide a lower limit for the core sulfur content. For smaller sulfur contents, the planetary contraction obtained after the end of the heavy bombardment due to inner core growth is larger than the observed value. Due to the present poor knowledge of various parameters, for example, the mantle rheology, the thermal conductivity of mantle and crust, and the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, it is not possible to constrain the core sulfur content nor the present state of the mantle. Therefore, it is difficult to robustly predict whether or not the mantle is conductive or in the convective regime. For instance, in the case of very inefficient planetary cooling—for example, as a consequence of a strong thermal insulation by a low conductivity crust and a stiff Newtonian mantle rheology—the predicted sulfur content can be as low as 1 wt% to match current estimates of planetary contraction, making deep mantle convection likely. Efficient cooling—for example, caused by the growth of a crust strongly in enriched in radiogenic elements—requires more than 6.5 wt% S. These latter models also predict a transition from a convective to a conductive mantle during the planet’s history. Data from future missions to Mercury will aid considerably our understanding of the evolution of its interior.     

基于耐热量降低原理的配电系统微机反时限过流保护

 提出航空及民用配电系统耐热量降低原理,对国际电工委员会(IEC)标准规定的反时限特性曲线,研究用电设备过流保护跳闸条件、过流损坏的相对临界耐热量和电流热功率,设计一种快速高精度的反时限过流保护方法,并仿真分析其实现过程。统一定义10倍过流延时时间为时间整定值,使反时限函数具有统一明确的量化参数,并推导出相应的反时限特性方程,使参数更容易整定。该方法克服了传统反时限过流保护不能准确反映电流快速变化时真实故障状态的缺点。根据耐热量降低原理推导一种简单实用的反时限动态特性测试方法,静态和动态实验结果表明该方法快速性好和准确性高,为航空供电系统机载用电设备及民用设备反时限保护提供了实现方案。     

准直光学系统热变形对太阳模拟器性能影响研究

为了给太阳模拟器系统热管理提供可靠的技术依据,研究了准直光学系统热变形对系统性能的影响。选取项目组自主研发的高精度太阳模拟器准直光学系统作为研究对象,利用有限元软件仿真实际工作条件下各光学元件表面温度及热变形分布,将通光表面变形数据拟合为泽尼克系数导入光学设计软件中,分析热变形对系统准直角误差及辐照均匀度影响。研究结果表明:在未采取温控措施的自然对流条件下,热变形造成±1’的准直角误差和41.3%的辐照不均匀度,超出允许范围,需进行温控。通过光机集成分析法,给出了不同温度下,对流系数与热变形导致的准直角误差和辐照不均匀度对应关系,为风冷温控系统工程化设计提供了依据。     

数字温度二次仪表检定装置的测量不确定度评定

介绍了数字温度二次仪表检定装置检定配热电偶和配热电阻用温度二次仪表的原理和方法,并分别探讨了配热电偶和配热电阻时测量结果不确定度的评定。     

提高低导热材料表面温度均匀性方法的研究

比较了不同低导热材料的高温热导率测试装置特点,确定了在整体加热方式下试样表面温度均匀性差是限制测试准确度提高的一个原因,提出采用分区加热的方法改善试样表面温度均匀性。选取三种不同热导率范围的材料作为被测试样,分别做了试样整体加热和分区加热的模拟计算。结果表明,整体加热方式只能在试样表面中心有限区域形成均温区,而分区加热方式能显著改善试样表面温度均匀性。     

卫星热控电压测量模块研制

卫星热控电压测量是保障卫星可靠性、安全性的重要环节。由于测量的特殊性,要求研制与整星热控系统相适合的电压测试模块。采用信号隔离、输入保护等措施保证测量的安全性;采用较高分辨力数据采集及量化技术、以及自校准技术保证测量的可靠性。通过微处理器控制测量过程,LAN接口实现计算机数据传输和通信控制,提高了测量效率。     

键合剂1,1′-(1,3-苯二羰基)双-2-甲基氮丙啶的热行为

用DSC和TG－DTG等 过冷态和结晶态的键合剂1，1′－（1，3－苯二羰基）双－2－甲基氮丙啶（HX－752）的热行为，在－80℃－100℃范围内，除了过冷态在－37.6℃的玻璃化转变和结晶态在36.8℃－42.9℃的熔融外，没有任何其它物理化学。亚稳态的过冷液体比结晶态有较大的分解热。HX－752有复杂的分解过程，第一步分解失重虽小，但放热量很大，说明分子结构发生重大变化。     

金属胶接接头内应力研究新进展

论述了金属胶接接头内应力研究的新进展，提出基于粘弹性理论胶层固化内应力的计算方法和薄膜弯曲法测定内应力的方法，以及周期性温度变化会使胶层内产生残余拉伸应力（热应力），并且分析了气泡和填充物对热应力的影响。     

防热复合材料抗粒子侵蚀特性研究

研究了含钨Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料、细编穿刺Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料等防热材料抗粒子侵蚀性能及其形貌特征。针对试验结果,探讨了目前侵蚀性能试验存在的问题。指出不同种类的防热复合材料在不同试验条件下表现出不同的抗粒子侵蚀机理和形貌特征,以侵蚀系数Ｃｎ值表征不同防热材料抗粒子侵蚀能力的大小具有不直观性。     

高超声速流中局部构件上质量引射的热防护特性研究

通过数值求解N-S方程,研究了局部构件上质量引射对表面热行为的影响及其机理,参数包括引射速度、引射区域大小、引射方向和引射位置。研究表明,质量引射可有效地降低表面热流峰值和热流分布,其原因：一是改变了局部分离流动特性;二是改变了当地的附面层结构,而附面层特性的改变是主要的影响。引射效果与引射速度关系密切,引射方向对结果影响不大,引射效率最高区域为无引射再附点后的高温高压区,在该处引射质量可有效地减缓高速外流对构件的冲击。