高超声速飞行器的动态热密封技术研究进展

高马赫数飞行带来的气动热一直是制约飞行器向更大速域和空域发展的最大因素,特别是针对飞行器发动机尾喷管和机体之间、飞行器尾翼控制舵等有较大动态间隙部位,对其进行动态热密封的技术难度也远高于一般的机身表面防热;因此,动态热密封技术成为各国在新型高超声速空天飞行器发展中需要突破的重要瓶颈。本文以X-38等飞行器为例,对国外动态热密封技术进行了简要介绍,并对其主要技术类型和关键性能测试方法进行综述,最后对动态热密封技术的发展进行了总结和展望。     

A torus-shaped solar sail accelerated via thermal desorption of coating

A torus-shaped sail consists of a reflective membrane attached to an inflatable torus-shaped rim. The sail’s deployment from its stowed configuration is initiated by introducing inflation pressure into the toroidal rim with an attached circular flat membrane coated by heat-sensitive materials that undergo thermal desorption (TD) from a solid to a gas phase. Our study of the deployment and acceleration of the sail is split into three steps: at a particular heliocentric distance a torus-shaped sail is deployed by a gas inflated into the toroidal rim and the membrane is kept flat by the pressure of the gas; under heating by solar radiation, the membrane coat undergoes TD and the sail is accelerated via TD of coating and solar radiation pressure (SRP); when TD ends, the sail utilizes thrust only from SRP. We study the stability of the torus-shaped sail and deflection and vibration of the flat membrane due to the acceleration by TD and SRP.     

Improvement and application of Y2O3 directional solidification crucible

In order to satisfy the drastic temperature change and high chemical activity in directional solidification of Nb–Si based alloys, Y_2O_3 crucible is demanded to possess high thermal shock resistance and erosion resistance. This paper improved the sintering degree and density of Y_2O_3 crucible by optimizing the sintering temperature and time, and its practical application performance was investigated. Y_2O_3 grains gathered with the increase of sintering temperature and time, and the contact area enlarged, resulting in the open pores being changed into closed pores.The higher density caused the improvement of erosion resistance of Y_2O_3 crucibles. However, excessive density weakened the thermal shock resistance. Considering high-temperature strength, erosion resistance, thermal shock resistance and costs, optimum sintering temperature and time of Y_2O_3 directional solidification crucible were 1800 °C and 120 min, respectively, and the porosity was20%. Improved Y_2O_3 crucible has been successfully applied to directional solidification of Nb–Si based alloys, and significantly reduced the oxygen contamination. Slight interaction occurred between Hf and Y_2O_3, but no obvious dissolution, penetration or erosion was found, showing good erosion resistance and thermal shock resistance.     

SiO2 气凝胶热参数测试及评价

利用非稳态阶跃平面热源法对SiO2气凝胶的热参数进行了高温实验研究,获得了不同温度和压力条件下SiO2气凝胶的热导率、热扩散率以及比热容等.结果表明,SiO2气凝胶800℃的热导率比室温增大约62％.在相同气压且低于600℃时,其热导率受比热容影响,而在高于600℃时,则受热扩散率影响;在相同温度且高于10 kPa时,热导率亦受热扩散率影响.     

飞机系统模拟试验中热电阻及其数字显示仪表的现场校准技术研究

在飞机系统地面模拟试验中．热电阻及其数字显示仪表在液压、飞控等试验系统中广泛使用。针对各试验系统中某些位置的热电阻及其数字显示仪表接线复杂,不便拆卸和传统计量方式的种种弊端等问题,提出了一种由现场计量炉、便携式测温仪和温度校准器等设备组成的现场校准系统。实现对热电阻及其数字显示仪表的现场整体校准,同时亦可实现对热电阻及其数字显示仪表的分部校准,避免了拆卸和安装,提高了工作效率,具有实用价值。     

高温对单搭接接头强度的影响

对不同温度下单搭接接头进行拉伸试验,对比不同温度对接头强度的影响。结果表明,温度越

高,接头强度越低,同时,随着温度的升高,胶层的破坏模式也发生变化。通过有限元数值仿真,模拟不同温度

下胶层表面上等效应力的分布情况,得出温度越高,胶层热应力越大,接头强度越低等结论。

     

一种冷热交变环境下太阳帆应力保持方法

针对冷热交变环境导致太阳帆内部应力剧烈变化的问题,基于形状记忆合金(SMA)弹簧提出了太阳帆的张拉方案和薄膜应力保持恒定的方法,该方法利用形状记忆合金在高低温下的刚度非线性特性,有效补偿薄膜和支撑杆之间的间隙变化,以使薄膜内部应力基本保持恒定。针对六边形构型太阳帆开展了数值仿真,首先建立了太阳帆的热分析模型和力学分析模型,获取了高低温工况下的温度场。然后通过热致变形分析得到薄膜与支撑杆在高低温工况下的间隙变化,据此确定形状记忆合金弹簧的参数。最后对太阳帆在高低温工况下的薄膜内部应力进行了验证。     

HIT-J01 腻子的制备及性能

采用有机硅树脂掺杂无机粒子制备了一种耐高温腻子(HIT-J01),研究了其粘接性能、膨胀特性和抗热震性能。通过SEM及XRD分析了腻子的微观结构和相变化。结果表明:制备的腻子具有良好的粘接和抗热震性能,粘接C/Si C的单搭接剪切强度为5.5 MPa,1 200℃在线单搭接剪切强度1.8 MPa。腻子同基材C/Si C具有良好的热膨胀匹配性能。HIT-J01腻子在高温条件下生成的Al2O3·(B2O3)n融体。在风洞考核环境下,腻子封堵面平均温度高达1 200℃,最高温度达到1 400℃,风洞实验后,腻子表观平整、无裂纹。     

Dynamic simulation of breakaway characteristics of tethered aerostats

A tethered aerostat may break away due to the cable damage caused by abrasion or strong wind. In order to avoid losing the aerostat, the discharge valve will open automatically when the aerostat escapes into the air. It is necessary to know its breakaway characteristics because it is different from those of the launch process. This work develops the dynamic and thermal models for tethered aerostat breakaway characteristics with the finite difference method. Based on the developed models, a computer program in FORTRAN is developed. Then, the program is used to simulate tethered aerostat breakaway characteristics, including ascent and descent behaviors, flight altitude, flight duration, and the influence of the discharge valve characteristics, ascent velocity and hull volume on the hull overpressure. The simulation results are helpful for better understanding tethered aerostat breakaway characteristics and for developing tethered aerostat breakaway control strategies and systems.     

Experimental study on effect of inclination angles to ammonia pulsating heat pipe

In this paper, a novel study on performance of closed loop pulsating heat pipe（CLPHP）using ammonia as working fluid is experimented. The tested CLPHP, consisting of six turns, is fully made of quartz glass tubes with 6 mm outer diameter and 2 mm inner diameter. The filling ratio is50%. The visualization investigation is conducted to observe the oscillation and circulation flow in the CLPHP. In order to investigate the effects of inclination angles to thermal performance in the ammonia CLPHP, four case tests are studied. The trends of temperature fluctuation and thermal resistance as the input power increases at different inclination angles are highlighted. The results show that it is very easy to start up and circulate for the ammonia CLPHP at an inclining angle.The thermal resistance is low to 0.02 K/W, presenting that heat fluxes can be transferred from heating section to cooling section very quickly. It is found that the thermal resistance decreases as the inclination angle increases. At the horizontal operation, the ammonia CLPHP can be easy to start up at low input power, but hard to circulate. In this case, once the input power is high,the capillary tube in heating section will be burnt out, leading to worse thermal performance with high thermal resistance.