载人飞船密封舱漏热问题研究

密封舱漏热是载人飞船热控系统设计中必须考虑的一个关键因素,是影响飞船热平衡和舱内温度的一项重要参数。建立了求解密封舱漏热的热物理模型,分析了各种参数对密封舱漏热的影响。结果表明：（1） 在一定温度范围内,密封舱漏热与舱内空气温度近似呈线性关系;（2） 返回舱漏热高于轨道舱,主要原因是导热热阻的基数偏小;（3） 漏热随外热流增大而减小,返回舱漏热波动较大,调节其热控涂层的α_S和ε_h值将导致返回舱漏热和漏热波动出现相反变化,为同时减小漏热和漏热波动,推荐采用较低α_S和ε_h 值的热控涂层;（4） 返回舱漏热受舱内壁对流换热系数影响较大,特别在2W/(m^2·K)附近。
     

Thermal protection system development,testing, and qualification for atmospheric probes and sample return missions: Examples for Saturn,Titan and Stardust-type sample return

The science community has continued to be interested in planetary entry probes, aerocapture, and sample return missions to improve our understanding of the Solar System. As in the case of the Galileo entry probe, such missions are critical to the understanding not only of the individual planets, but also to further knowledge regarding the formation of the Solar System. It is believed that Saturn probes to depths corresponding to 10 bars will be sufficient to provide the desired data on its atmospheric composition. An aerocapture mission would enable delivery of a satellite to provide insight into how gravitational forces cause dynamic changes in Saturn’s ring structure that are akin to the evolution of protoplanetary accretion disks. Heating rates for the “shallow” Saturn probes, Saturn aerocapture, and sample Earth return missions with higher re-entry speeds (13–15 km/s) from Mars, Venus, comets, and asteroids are in the range of 1–6 KW/cm². New, mid-density thermal protection system (TPS) materials for such probes can be mission enabling for mass efficiency and also for use on smaller vehicles enabled by advancements in scientific instrumentation. Past consideration of new Jovian multiprobe missions has been considered problematic without the Giant Planet arcjet facility that was used to qualify carbon phenolic for the Galileo probe. This paper describes emerging TPS technologies and the proposed use of an affordable, small 5 MW arcjet that can be used for TPS development, in test gases appropriate for future planetary probe and aerocapture applications. Emerging TPS technologies of interest include new versions of the Apollo Avcoat material and a densified variant of Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA). Application of these and other TPS materials and the use of other facilities for development and qualification of TPS for Saturn, Titan, and Sample Return missions of the Stardust class with entry speeds from 6.0 to 28.6 km/s are discussed.     

"神舟七号"飞船热控分系统设计和在轨性能评估

针对出舱活动飞船热控设计难点,简要介绍了其热控方案,并对热控分系统在轨飞行数据进行了深入分析,综合评估其在轨工作性能.飞行试验表明,飞船在待发及上升段、自主运行段、出舱活动段、返回再入段,热控分系统均具有良好的温度调控能力和适应能力,整船仪器设备温度及密封舱空气温湿度均满足指标要求.     

交直流电压转换标准的研制

介绍了实现交直流电压有效值测量的多种方式,分析了多元热电变换器产生交直流转换差的多种原因,说明了能够输出100mV热电势的多元热电变换器的研制方法,解决了其中一系列的关键问题。其中采用热偶过渡结构降低了端部效应的影响;采用回线加热结构及适当增加热偶对数和输入电流,使输出电压得到大幅提高,降低了灵敏度引入的不确定度;将计算机作为测试过程的控制和运算的中心,进一步提高了多元热电变换器的测量准确度。比对实验的结果表明：所研制的多元热电变换器的测量不确定度在10^-6量级（k=2）。     

ZrB2基超高温陶瓷材料的抗热震性能

通过水淬法对原位合成与热压烧结制备的组分为ZrB2-20%(体积分数,下同)SiC-6.05%ZrC陶瓷材料的热震性能进行了研究。对比了不同热震温差、室温水(25℃)与沸水冷却环境、单次与五次循环热震次数以及高温氧化对原位合成试样抗热震性能的影响。计算了原位合成与热压烧结两种工艺制备的同组分试样的抗热震参数,结合试验结果探讨了材料的抗热震机理。结果表明,原位合成试样的抗热震性能优于热压烧结试样。     

A thermal-flutter criterion for an open thin-walled circular cantilever beam subject to solar heating

The flexible attachments of spacecraft may undergo Thermally Induced Vibration (TIV) on orbit due to the suddenly changed solar heating. The unstable TIV, called thermal-flutter, can cause serious damage to the spacecraft. In this paper, the coupled bending-torsion thermal vibration equations for an open thin-walled circular cantilever beam are established. By analyzing the stability of these equations based on the first Lyapunov method, the thermal-flutter criterion can be obtained. The criterion is very different form that of closed thin-walled beams because the torsion has great impact on the stability of the TIV for open thin-walled beams. Several numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate that the theoretical predictions agree very well with the finite element results, which mean that the criterion are reliable.     

空间站热收集方式的气压适应性研究

热管理系统是保障空间站正常运行的关键系统,其热量收集通常涉及多种传热方式。 空间站舱内气压下降将削弱空气的对流换热能力,从而造成热收集方式的气压适应性差异。 分析了这种差异及其对空间站热管理的影响。设计了两种针对密封舱的热量收集方式,第 一种单纯用空气强制对流,第二种通过在密封舱内加装冷板,同时采用强制对流、导热和辐 射进行热量收集。首先利用简化的密封舱换热模型给出了描述两种热量收集方式气压适应性 的分析解,然后利用集成全局热数学模型分析给出了热管理系统采用这两种热量收集方式时 压力下降对空间站温度控制的影响。结果表明,当热管理系统以空气对流为主进行热 量收集时,气压下降可能导致舱内温度大幅升高;当同时采用导热、辐射及对流等多种途径 收集热量时,热管理系统的气压适应性较强,有利于空间站的稳定运行。
     

Zernike多项式拟合用于低温光学镜头热集成分析

文章介绍了Zernike多项式的特点以及多项式拟合在低温光学中的应用,通过对某低温光学镜头的热集成分析,阐述了Zernike多项式拟合在热集成分析中的重要性以及热变形对低温光学系统的影响。     

地球静止轨道凝视型相机热分析与热设计

空间光学遥感器在轨运行过程中要承受太阳辐射和空间冷热沉、黑热沉等恶劣温度环境的影响。为确保相机在轨正常运行并拥有较高的成像品质,需要对相机进行精确的热控设计。根据地球静止轨道太阳辐射外热流特点,详细分析了静止轨道凝视相机热设计的重点和难点,并针对热设计中可能遇到的问题提出相应解决方案。     

载人航天器舱内气压下降时的空气强制对流换热

为了在载人航天器的热控制中评估舱内气压下降对空气强制对流换热能力的影响,分析了空气流动参数和物性参数随舱内气压的变化规律,指出了已有的经验关联式中压力和换热系数的关系,并用数值方法进行了验证。分析结果表明空气强制对流的换热能力随舱内气压的下降而下降,当气压低于3.04×104Pa后,空气强制对流对设备散热的贡献已经非常有限。