基于增量考核的飞机延寿方法与应用

为深度挖掘老龄飞机的寿命潜力,提出并应用了基于增量考核的飞机延寿方法。以寿命增量考核为主线,围绕定基点、再更新、获增量展开。通过将体现飞机使用严重程度的当量飞行小时作为延寿基点,科学处理了老龄飞机已消耗寿命。开展4种不同状态到寿飞机的深度拆毁与损伤评估,全面掌握机体疲劳关键薄弱部位,确立机体结构修理基点。建立以疲劳薄弱部位耐久性修理为核心、关键部位新型增材修复、隐蔽区域高精度损伤检测为支撑的规范性飞机延寿大修技术体系。以较小的重量代价,大幅改善了机体结构原有疲劳品质,实现对累积损伤"清零"与结构状态"统一",消除所有影响飞行安全的隐患与故障,实现了对机体结构的"再更新"。进而通过全尺寸疲劳试验系统验证更新飞机的寿命增量,形成了完整的飞机结构修理与延寿相结合的技术体系。     

Effects of traverse speed on weld formation,microstructure and mechanical properties of ZK60 Mg alloy joint by bobbin tool friction stir welding

ZK60B (Mg-6% Zn-0.6% Zr) alloy joints fabricated by bobbin tool friction stir welding (BTFSW) with various traverse speeds were investigated. The sound joint fabricated by the BTFSW was possible under the appropriate welding parameters. The severe plastic deformation during BTFSW resulted in dispersion and segregation of the Zr-rich particles within the stirred zone (SZ) followed by evolution of a bimodal grain structure with distributed bands of 0.8–1.7 μm ultrafine grains and 4.1–7.1 μm equiaxed grains. Micro-hardness of SZ is substantially reduced in contrast to that of parent metal (PM) in spite of the finer grain size owing to dissolution of Mg-Zn based precipitates having hardening effects on alpha-Mg matrix. With the decrease in traverse speed, randomization degree of the plasticized metal flow increases, which is evidenced by the randomized arc line pattern at the low traverse speed. Among all defect-free joints, the 200 mm/min joint exhibits the weakest isotropy of texture within SZ and the best tensile properties, which has reduced ultimate tensile strength and yield strength by 5.4% and by 22.2%, respectively, as compared to the PM. The randomized texture hinders the joint fracturing within SZ at low elongation. Therefore, a relatively high elongation of 10.8% was achieved, which corresponded to 72% of the PM value.     

Effect of beam current on microstructures and mechanical properties of joints of TZM/30CrMnSiA by electron beam welding

Electron beam welding experiments of TZM alloy and 30CrMnSiA steel butt joints were carried out with different beam currents. Microstructures and chemical compositions of typical zones were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated by tensile strength tests. Besides, nanoindentation tests were carried out to compare the brittleness of the reaction layer and other typical microstructures. The results illustrated that the reaction layer at the interface between fusion zone (FZ) and TZM alloy was the weak position of the joint, which was divided into Fe₂Mo layer and a mixture layer of Fe₂Mo and α-Fe phases. As the beam current increased, the thickness of the Fe₂Mo layer decreased, which resulted in the increasing of the tensile strength of the joints. When the beam current exceeded 24 mA, the formation of the joint was poor with a low tensile strength. When the beam current was 24 mA, the joint presented the highest strength of 191.3 MPa and the joint fractured along the Fe₂Mo layer near the TZM alloy side with a brittle fracture mode.     

电子束焊接熔池流场数值模拟研究

基于电子束焊接"钉型"焊缝特征,建立了高斯面和旋转高斯衰减体复合热源模型,采用ANSYS FLOTRAN CFD有限元软件,对焊接熔池流场进行了数值模拟,研究了熔池内液态金属在温度场作用下涡漩流动过程,电子束、熔池、液态金属蒸汽之间相互作用关系,电子束匙孔效应、匙孔壁能量传递方式,熔深方向液态金属流动机理等;将316L不锈钢热物性参数输入复合热源模型,通过仿真计算,得到了316L不锈钢焊接工艺规范,即加速电压为60 kV,电子束流为30 mA,焊接速度为8 mm/s,采用该规范焊接的316L不锈钢试件焊缝拉伸强度为425 MPa,满足设计要求。通过对比数值模拟与实际焊接结果表明:模拟熔池形貌与实际焊缝形貌一致,数值计算结果与焊接试验结果相吻合,从而证明复合热源模型是正确和适用的。     

整体叶盘叶片焊缝裂纹相控阵超声检测

裂纹是线性摩擦焊整体叶盘结构制造过程中叶片焊缝区域常见的缺陷类型之一。由于叶片焊缝区域结构复杂且裂纹缺陷尺寸小,因此焊缝区域裂纹缺陷的检测难度大。为了满足新工艺的应用要求,研究了焊缝区域的相控阵超声全覆盖检测方法,建立了焊缝区域相控阵超声检测的有限元仿真模型,研究了裂纹特征参数和声束聚焦点位置对检测方案的影响,验证了检测方案的可行性与正确性。构建了机器人化的相控阵超声检测系统,模拟了声束在线性摩擦焊叶片试样中的传播过程,实现了对叶片中预制裂纹缺陷的识别。研究结果表明,设计的检测方案能够满足叶片快速检测的要求。     

TC4锻件机械加工与焊接的研制与应用

“钛合金在飞机上的综合应用”是“九五”期间重点科研课题。课题的研究目的是通过典型零件的率先使用,突破飞机在重要承力构件上的钛合金综合应用技术,为新一代歼击机的钛合金综合应用做好技术储备。用钛合金替代合金钢制造飞机结构零件,可以显著减轻飞机质量,提高飞机的推重比;同时还可以提高飞机结构的抗热能力,使飞机进入更高的飞行范围,从而提高飞机结构的可靠性和使用寿命。     

资源约束项目调度问题的粒子群优化算法求解

介绍了应用粒子群优化算法求解资源约束项目调度问题的实现方法。建立了资源约束项目调度问题的数学模型,提出了确定资源约束项目调度问题解空间的办法。采用不同的策略处理前后约束和资源约束。编制了粒子群优化通用程序并对典型项目实例进行了优化,优化结果验证粒子群优化算法求解资源约束项目调度问题的有效性。     

超音频脉冲TIG焊电源拓扑及电弧焊适用性

研制出一台超音频直流脉冲TIG(Tungsten Inert Gas)焊电源,对该电源的拓扑结构及工作原理进行了介绍.与常规直流TIG焊电源相比,该电源可输出不同频率、均具有陡峭的上升、下降沿的脉冲电流,电流变化率大于50A/μs.该电源的基值电流、峰值电流、脉冲电流频率、占空比等焊接工艺参数调节方便,使该电源不仅能够焊接薄板,而且能够适用于中厚板的焊接.通过对比常规直流TIG焊和超音频直流脉冲TIG焊焊接的1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的微观组织,发现采用超音频直流脉冲TIG焊工艺的焊缝粗晶区变窄,晶粒细化现象显著.试验结果表明:所研制的超音频脉冲TIG焊电源具有良好的弧焊适用性.     

30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢真空电子束焊接工艺应用研究

针对锁底对接形式的30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢进行了真空电子束焊接工艺分析与讨论,借助金相分析、显微硬度、扫描电镜等测试方法对焊缝形貌、组织和性能进行了研究,并分析了常见缺陷的种类和防止措施。试验结果表明,在合适的电子束焊接参数下可以获得较为理想的30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢焊缝形貌,且具有较好的综合力学性能,焊缝经目视检查、X射线探伤和磁粉探伤,达到I级焊缝要求,并将此焊接工艺成功地应用于飞机机体产品的焊接。     

TA15钛合金超高频氩弧焊工艺试验研究

针对TA15钛合金材料进行了超高频脉冲钨极氩弧焊接工艺试验。采用金相试验方法和力学性能试验对超高频焊接和常规焊接工艺下的显微组织和性能进行对比。结果表明,采用超高频氩弧焊的焊缝宽度明显比常规氩弧焊窄,晶粒尺寸减小30%以上;α相片层厚度要厚于常规焊,且分布更规律、更有序。超高频脉冲焊接接头抗拉强度与常规氩弧焊基本相当,塑性优于常规氩弧焊,其疲劳性能也高于常规焊。