Towards the automated operations of large distributed satellite systems. Part 2: Classifications and tools

Recent developments have seen a trend towards larger constellations of spacecraft, with some proposals featuring constellations of more than 10.000 satellites. While similar concepts for large constellations already existed in the past, traditional satellite deployments hardly ever feature groups of more than 100 satellites. This trend towards considerably larger satellite numbers originates from non-traditional design and operations of spacecraft by non-traditional space companies. The evolution in the space sector, precipitated by new players, is often referred to as “Space 4.0” or “New Space”. It necessitates a rethinking of the way satellites and satellite constellations are planned, designed, and operated. New operational paradigms are needed to enable automatic, optimal task definition, and scheduling in a holistic approach.This is the second of two companion papers that investigate the operations of distributed satellite systems. This second article investigates the classification of distributed satellite systems and evaluates commercial tools for automated spacecraft operations, whereas the first article performed a survey of conventional and “new space”operations of spacecraft constellations.Classification metrics for constellations are derived and evaluated with respect to their informative value concerning the operation, the automation, and the scalability of the constellation. The proposed classification system is applied to the Dove and RapidEye constellation and allows for a comparison between the presented automation approaches. Commercial tools for automated spacecraft operations are evaluated for several mission task elements, such as orbit control, orbit maintenance, and collision avoidance. Subsequently, the trends, benefits, and standardization needs for operational automation are identified.     

Multi precursors analysis associated with the powerful Ecuador (MW = 7.8) earthquake of 16 April 2016 using Swarm satellites data in conjunction with other multi-platform satellite and ground data

After DEMETER satellite mission (2004–2010), the launch of the Swarm satellites (Alpha (A), Bravo (B) and Charlie (C)) has created a new opportunity in the study of earthquake ionospheric precursors. Nowadays, there is no doubt that multi precursors analysis is a necessary phase to better understand the LAIC (Lithosphere Atmosphere Ionosphere Coupling) mechanism before large earthquakes. In this study, using absolute scalar magnetometer, vector field magnetometer and electric field instrument on board Swarm satellites, GPS (Global Positioning System) measurements, MODIS-Aqua satellite and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data, the variations of the electron density and temperature, magnetic field, TEC (Total Electron Content), LST (Land Surface Temperature), AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth) and SKT (SKin Temperature) have been surveyed to find the potential seismic anomalies around the strong Ecuador (M_w = 7.8) earthquake of 16 April 2016. The four solar and geomagnetic indices: F10.7, D_st, K_p and a_p were investigated to distinguish whether the preliminary detected anomalies might be associated with the solar-geomagnetic activities instead of the seismo-ionospheric anomalies. The Swarm satellites (A, B and C) data analysis indicate the anomalies in time series of electron density variations on 7, 11 and 12 days before the event; the unusual variations in time series of electron temperature on 8 days preceding the earthquake; the analysis of the magnetic field scalar and vectors data show the considerable anomalies 52, 48, 23, 16, 11, 9 and 7 days before the main shock. A striking anomaly is detected in TEC variations on 1 day before earthquake at 9:00 UTC. The analysis of MODIS-Aqua night-time images shows that LST increase unusually on 11 days prior to main shock. In addition, the AOD variations obtained from MODIS measurements reach the maximum value on 10 days before the earthquake. The SKT around epicentral region presents anomalous higher value about 40 days before the earthquake. It should be noted that the different lead times of the observed anomalies could be acknowledged based on a reasonable LAIC earthquake mechanism. Our results emphasize that the Swarm satellites measurements play an undeniable role in progress the studies of the ionospheric precursors.     

Can an impulsive variation of the solar wind plasma pressure trigger a plasma bubble? A case study based on CSES,Swarm and THEMIS data

During the August 25, 2018 geomagnetic storm, the new borne CSES-01 satellite and the Swarm A satellite detected a really large equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) in the post-midnight sector over western Africa. We investigated the features of this deep ionospheric plasma depletion using data from the Langmuir probes on-board CSES-01 and Swarm A satellites, and data from the high-precision magnetometer and the electric field detector instruments on-board CSES-01. Using also plasma and magnetic field data from THEMIS-E satellite we found that, during the passage of the magnetic cloud that drove the geomagnetic storm, an impulsive variation lasting about ten minutes characterized the solar wind (SW) pressure. The analysis of the delay time, between the occurrence of such impulsive variation and the detection of the plasma bubble, suggests a possible link between the SW pressure impulsive variation as identified by THEMIS-E and the generation of the EPB as detected by CSES-01 and Swarm A. We put forward the hypothesis that the SW pressure impulsive variation might have triggered an eastward prompt penetrating electric field that propagated from high to equatorial latitudes, overlapping in the nightside region to the zonal westward electric field, causing either a reduction or an inversion, at the base of the EPB triggering.     

浅析DRM数字调幅广播技术与应用

本文介绍了DRM数字调幅广播的系统结构、与传统模拟广播相比的技术优势,以及DRM在传统模拟广播单一语音业务以外的应用.     

飞机排班系统在航空公司生产运行领域中的应用和探讨

宏观介绍了航空公司生产运行领域飞机排班系统的主要功能组成和使用情况及其与相关系统之间的关联关系，并结合航空公司的未来发展趋势，提出了系统建设方面的一些思路和设想，为生产运行系统的持续改进提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

一类需求不确定闭环物流系统的模糊规划模型与仿真

考虑了一类需求不确定闭环物流系统的运作过程。该系统由多个供应商、多个制造商、多个分销商和多个顾客组成,并且顾客的需求是不确定的。基于早期的研究结果,考虑正向物流和逆向物流的集成运作,采用模糊集描述需求的不确定性,建立了该系统的模糊规划模型并进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,虽然需求的波动会使系统的总成本较需求确定时的值有不同程度的增加,但决策者仍可以根据顾客需求的不确定性程度做出最佳决策方案。     

面向未来的虚拟现实座舱

通过了解美陆军的＂最优虚拟座舱计划（VCOP）＂,着重分析实现虚拟座舱的虚拟视网膜成像、三维音频、语音识别、基于触觉的飞行态势感知等几项关键技术,认识未来飞机座舱的发展方向,分析国内现有的技术水平,讨论实现虚拟座舱技术的可行性。     

六管气动阀PDE协调工作研究

为了得到六管气动阀脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)的协调工作,在共用进气道条件下,主要采用离子探针技术进行了试验研究,同时对爆震波激波后燃烧波的传播速度进行了定量测量,并用压力传感器进行了试验验证.研究结果表明:在单管频率f＝30Hz(总频率f＝90Hz)时,六管PDE能够协调、稳定的工作;采用局部蒸发器改善燃油蒸发后,爆震管...     

具有分时段智能运行的节能扶梯改造方案

针对当前商场扶梯的固有缺点,介绍一种具有分时段智能运行,具有较大节能潜力的商场扶梯变频改造方案,实现节能降耗、延长扶梯使用寿命的目的.     

n／m／G／Fmax类作业排序问题的计算机优化

本文着重研究了通过计算机对已按某种优先规则排好的／ｎ／ｍ／Ｇ／Ｆｍａｘ类作业进度计划，自动进行优化的问题。