The Effects of Transverse Magnetic Field and Density Variations on the Particle Energy Spectra in a Reconnecting 3D Current Sheet

Electron and proton acceleration by a super-Dreicer electric field is further investigated in a non-neutral reconnecting current sheet (RCS) with a variable plasma density. The tangential B _z and transverse magnetic field components B _x are assumed to vary with the distances x and z from the X nullpoint linearly and exponentially, respectively; the longitudinal component (a ‘guiding field’) is accepted constant. Particles are found to gain a bulk of their energy in a thin region close to the X nullpoint where the RCS density increases with z exponentially with the index λ and the tangential magnetic field B _x also increases with z exponentially with the index α. For the RCS with a constant density (λ = 0), the variations of the tangential magnetic field lead to particle power-law energy spectra with the spectral indices γ₁ being dependent on the exponent α as: for protons and for electrons in a strong guiding field (β > 10⁻²) and for electrons in a moderate or weak guiding field (β > 10⁻⁴). For the RCS with an exponential density increase in the vicinity of the X nullpoint (λ≥ 0) there is a further increase of the resulting spectral indices γ that depends on the density exponent index λ as for protons and for electrons in weaker guiding fields and as for electrons in stronger guiding fields. These dependencies can explain a wide variety (1.5–10) of particle spectral indices observed in solar flares by the variations of a magnetic field topology and physical conditions in a reconnecting region. This can be used as a diagnostic tool for the investigation of the RCS dynamics from the accelerated particle spectra found from hard X-ray and microwave emission.     

Fuel mass penalty due to generators and fuel cells as energy source of the all-electric aircraft

The paper presents the results of an assessment of the fuel mass penalty due to generators and fuel cell systems. Based on the simulation tool SysFuel, fuel mass penalties for different mission ranges and fuel cell architectures are calculated and compared to a conventional reference architecture. Different fuel cell architectures using ram air or cabin exhaust air and different options of energy recovery are considered. As a result of the studies, target values are presented for the mass to power ratio of fuel cell systems to achieve fuel mass reductions compared to conventional generator and auxiliary power unit systems.     

缓解航天器带电方法的研究

空间等离子体和航天器表面的相互作用常会导致航天器带电,造成危害。近年来,有人提出或试验了一些缓解的办法。文章对现有的缓解方法进行评论,讨论每一种方法的优缺点,并举SCATHA和DSCS卫星的例子对取得的结果加以说明。     

航空发动机高温升燃烧室贫油熄火及冒烟性能研究

高温升燃烧室头部燃烧组织方案设计,以改善高温升燃烧室的贫油熄火边界及冒烟性能。该方案的特点是采用了三旋流器以及双油路复合式喷嘴,设计的主燃区油气分布相当均匀,而回流区内的油气分布是局部富油的。以常规双旋流器+双油路压力雾化喷嘴(旋流杯)燃烧室作为一个基准方案,在相同的进口实验条件下与本研究方案进行了贫油熄火和出口冒烟性能的比较。实验表明,本研究方案与常规的双旋流杯设计方案相比燃烧稳定性好及出口冒烟改善。      

基于改进粒子群算法辨识Volterra级数的目标机动轨迹预测

目标机动轨迹预测是空战态势感知和目标威胁评估的重要前提。针对传统目标机动轨迹预测模型复杂度大、预测精度低等问题，结合目标机动轨迹时间序列的混沌特性，提出一种基于相空间重构理论和Volterra泛函级数的目标机动轨迹预测模型。该模型首先采用0-1检测法验证了目标机动轨迹时间序列具有混沌特性；其次，利用C-C法确定嵌入维数和时间延迟，对目标机动轨迹时间序列进行了相空间重构；然后，引入Volterra泛函级数预测模型，为了克服高阶Volterra核函数求解复杂的难题，提出一种混沌变异自适应粒子群算法，构建一种基于改进粒子群算法辨识的Volterra级数预测模型，并将其应用于目标机动轨迹预测；最后，将所提算法与卡尔曼滤波算法以及机器学习算法进行单步和多步预测对比，同时将改进粒子群算法与其他智能算法进行性能比较。仿真结果表明：所提预测模型具有良好的单步和多步预测性能，改进的粒子群算法具有参数辨识精度高、收敛速度快的优点。     

基于单颗粒模型的航发叶片砂带磨削微观仿生锯齿状表面形成及实验

基于鲨鱼皮衍生出来的微观仿生表面被广泛应用于机翼等航空零部件的设计中，对于提高航空零部件的疲劳寿命、气流动力性等服役性能具有重要作用。砂带磨削能实现零部件表面的高完整性要求的加工，故常用于叶片、整体叶盘等复杂曲面的精密磨削，且能实现微观表面形状，但目前缺乏砂带磨削微观表面的系统研究从而难以实现其精确控制。首先，分析了微观仿生锯齿状表面的典型结构特征，基于单颗粒砂带磨削模型，研究了单颗粒砂带磨削去除机理；然后，建立了砂带磨削多颗粒参数化数学模型，提出了微观仿生锯齿状表面砂带磨削方法；最后，以钛合金叶片型面为对象，搭建以钛合金为典型材料的微观仿生锯齿状表面砂带磨削基础实验平台，进行仿生表面的实验验证。通过对磨削后叶片的表面微观形状参数进行检测，结果表明通过砂带磨削方法实现的微观仿生锯齿状表面以锯齿形沟槽为主，其中沟槽的宽度在2.5~8 μm之间、平均值为4.91 μm，沟槽的高度在3.5~9 μm之间、平均值为5.91 μm，沟槽的夹角在28°~68°之间、平均值为42.3°，验证了微观仿生锯齿状表面砂带磨削的可行性。     

Analysis of precipitable water vapour characteristics from GNSS measurements during the snow season in Liaoning Province,China

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote sensing precipitable water vapour (PWV) data from November 2015 to March 2019 were combined with snowfall observation data and used to analyse PWV characteristics in Liaoning Province during the snow season (from November to March the following year) and their relationship with snowfall. The potential of using GNSS for PWV measurements was demonstrated using sounding data with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.9 and a mean bias error lower than 0.5 mm. According to the GNSS PWV data gathered at 30-min intervals from 68 GNSS stations in Liaoning during the snow season, the monthly PWV average was highest in November and lowest in January. Negative correlations were found between PWV and altitude. Most of the water vapour was concentrated in the low layer of the atmosphere, and the contribution of this vapour to the PWV was higher during the snow season than in summer. A total of 43 snow cases were identified using the snowfall records from 53 GNSS stations, and the characteristics of PWV during these snowfalls were analysed. An increase in PWV was observed before snowfall events. Moreover, the influence of synoptic systems and air mass origins on PWV was analysed based on National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data and the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results show that the water vapour condition was better when the synoptic systems or air masses came from areas south of Liaoning.     

基于改进GPC的无人直升机动态路径规划

针对小型无人直升机航迹受到风场扰动和导航系统定位误差影响下的航迹最优规划问题,建立了风扰动和导航误差影响下的飞行航迹线性模型。基于混合整数规划思想,采用粒子滤波改进广义模型预测控制算法实时规划航迹,降低了导航定位误差造成的航迹估计偏差,提高了航迹估计精度。仿真结果表明,该算法能够生成三维可行航迹并躲避障碍物,且规划时间和无人机能耗较传统方法显著减少。     

基于修正面元法的机翼焦点位置变化研究

针对静气动弹性问题中机翼焦点位置求解精度与效率的矛盾,提出采用分段斜率修正面元法来计算气动力,该方法以刚体机翼在不同迎角下的CFD数据作为修正基础,对弹性变形后的机翼下洗采用分段修正,克服了传统面元法无法考虑非线性因素的缺点。通过M6机翼气动焦点位置的计算表明:相对于CFD方法,该方法保持了较高的准确度并且计算效率较高;相对于传统面元法,该方法能够准确地计算焦点位置和弹性机翼焦点位置变化量,适用于工程设计。     

金属聚合物复合材料的电树枝生长模拟

为了研究金属聚合物复合材料的击穿特性,在WZ模型的基础上建立了在绝缘聚合物介质中填充不同体积浓度的理想金属粒子的逾渗模型。利用计算机对放电通道的发展进行仿真,并对得到的仿真图形进行比较,研究了金属颗粒的体积浓度、下极板施加的电压、放电通道内的阈值电压和树点发展的概率指数对放电通道发展的影响。结果表明,金属粒子体积浓度越大,则放电树枝分枝越多。因此,填充金属颗粒可以明显地增强绝缘介质的导电性,其中逾渗阈值为0.6。下极板施加的电压越大,放电通道内的阈值电压和树点发展的概率指数越小,则放电树枝分枝越多,同时放电树枝生长过程中的积累损伤越大,该规律与实际放电情况相符合。