Element Separation in the Chromosphere Ionization-Diffusion Models for the FIP-Effect

Ionization-diffusion mechanisms to understand the first ionization potential (FIP) fractionation as observed in the solar corona and the solar wind are reviewed. The enrichment of the low-FIP elements (<10 eV) compared to the high-FIP elements, seen in e.g. slow and fast wind or polar plumes, is explained. The behaviour of the heavy noble gases becomes understandable. The absolute fractionation, i.e. in relation to hydrogen, can be calculated and fits well to the measurements. The theoretical velocity-dependence of the fractionation will with used to determine the velocities of the solar wind in the chromosphere. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the Measurements of D/H in QSO Absorption Systems Closing in on the primordial abundance of deuterium

We present our measurements of the deuterium to hydrogen ratio (D/H) in QSO absorption systems, which give D/H = 3.40 ± 0.25 × 10-5 based on analysis of four independent systems. We discuss the properties of two systems which provide the strongest constraints on D/H. We outline the systematic effects involved in measurements of D/H and introduce a sophisticated method of analysis which properly accounts for these effects.     

New evidence for strong non-thermal effects in Tycho’s supernova remnant

For the case of Tycho’s supernova remnant (SNR), we present the relation between the blast wave and contact discontinuity radii calculated within the nonlinear kinetic theory of cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in SNRs. It is demonstrated that these radii are confirmed by recently published Chandra measurements which show that the observed contact discontinuity radius is very close to the shock radius. Therefore a consistent explanation of these observations can be given in terms of efficient CR acceleration which makes the medium more compressible.     

Probing the first stars and black holes in the early Universe with the Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE)

A concept for a new space-based cosmology mission called the Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) is presented in this paper. DARE’s science objectives include: (1) When did the first stars form? (2) When did the first accreting black holes form? (3) When did Reionization begin? (4) What surprises does the end of the Dark Ages hold (e.g., Dark Matter decay)? DARE will use the highly-redshifted hyperfine 21-cm transition from neutral hydrogen to track the formation of the first luminous objects by their impact on the intergalactic medium during the end of the Dark Ages and during Cosmic Dawn (redshifts z = 11–35). It will measure the sky-averaged spin temperature of neutral hydrogen at the unexplored epoch 80–420 million years after the Big Bang, providing the first evidence of the earliest stars and galaxies to illuminate the cosmos and testing our models of galaxy formation. DARE’s approach is to measure the expected spectral features in the sky-averaged, redshifted 21-cm signal over a radio bandpass of 40–120 MHz. DARE orbits the Moon for a mission lifetime of 3 years and takes data above the lunar farside, the only location in the inner solar system proven to be free of human-generated radio frequency interference and any significant ionosphere. The science instrument is composed of a low frequency radiometer, including electrically-short, tapered, bi-conical dipole antennas, a receiver, and a digital spectrometer. The smooth frequency response of the antennas and the differential spectral calibration approach using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique will be applied to detect the weak cosmic 21-cm signal in the presence of the intense solar system and Galactic foreground emissions.     

国有企业改制中收入激励的帕累托最优标准

收入对职工具有最直接的激励作用，而这一作用的保持与增强则取决于收入分配的科学性与合理性。国有企业正值改制时期，急需建立激励机制，制定科学合理的收入分配方案。综观国内外研究现状．企业职工的收入分配在实践中的标准是多样的，行动是盲目的。因此，探讨具有坚实经济理论支持的判断企业职工收入分配科学合理与否的理论标准，具有十分重要的意义。     

GRB observed by IBIS/PICsIT in the MeV energy range

We present the preliminary results of a systematic search for GRB and other transients in the publicly available data for the IBIS/PICsIT (0.2–10 MeV) detector on board INTEGRAL. Lightcurves in 2–8 energy bands with time resolution from 1 to 62.5 ms have been collected and an analysis of spectral and temporal characteristics has been performed. This is the nucleus of a forthcoming first catalog of GRB observed by PICsIT.     

Formation of Giant Planets– An Attempt in Matching Observational Constraints

We present models of giant planet formation, taking into account migration and disk viscous evolution. We show that migration can significantly reduce the formation timescale bringing it in good agreement with typical observed disk lifetimes. We then present a model that produces a planet whose current location, core mass and total mass are comparable with the one of Jupiter. For this model, we calculate the enrichments in volatiles and compare them with the one measured by the Galileo probe. We show that our models can reproduce both the measured atmosphere enrichments and the constraints derived by Guillot et al. (2004), if we assume the accretion of planetesimals with ices/rocks ratio equal to 4, and that a substantial amount of CO₂ was present in vapor phase in the solar nebula, in agreement with ISM measurements.     

Line blanketed non-LTE atmosphere models for Wolf-Rayet stars

A standard non-LTE Wolf-Rayet star atmosphere model is compared with an identical model but including line-blanketing. The structures of the two models are presented in detail and the implications of blanketed models for spectroscopic analyses are discussed.     

企业应变能力及其传递矩阵研究

论述了企业应变能力的结构，内容及各层次间应变的特征，以应变能力在各责任单位之间的传递过程作了描述，用传递矩阵方法研究了应变能力在企业四个层次上的目标与保证关系，建立了一套实用的评价、诊断的定量指标体系。     

晚清修律对封建正统法律思想的改易

自汉朝以来，以儒家法律思想为主的封建正统法律思想在中国法律史上一直处于独尊独尚的地位。然而，清廷统治的最后十年，一场史无前例的变法修律，却首开吸收西方资产阶级法律思想入律之先河，第一次对封建正统法律思想的根本原则，基本内容等进行了突破、改易。尽管这些突破是有限的，但它足以表明晚清修律终于结束了两千多年来封建正统法律思想的垄断统治，终于使中国古代法律冲破了旧的樊篱，迈上了近现代型的历史轨道，为新的法律思想的发展完善开拓出了广阔的空间。