自由飞行空间机器人基座位姿调整的模糊PD控制

由于自由飞行空间机器人处于微重力的环境,因此其在目标获取的过程中必然会出现因机械臂运动和环境影响而导致基座的复杂运动.本文设计了自由飞行空间机器人位姿调整的模糊PD算法,根据接收到的实时位置信息,空间机器人可以自主地调整基座的姿态和位置来校正位姿误差,保证目标的稳定捕获.利用开发的实验平台与传统的on/off式控制器进行了实验对比,验证了此方法在稳定性、控制精度和燃料消耗上都有较好的表现.     

Three-line structured light vision system for non-cooperative satellites in proximity operations

Adapter ring is a commonly used component in non-cooperative satellites, which has high strength and is suitable to be recognized and grasped by the space manipulator. During proximity operations, this circle feature may be occluded by the robot arm or limited field of view. Moreover, the captured images may be underexposed when there is not enough illumination. To address these problems, this paper presents a structured light vision system with three line lasers and a monocular camera. The lasers project lines onto the surface of the satellite, and six break points are formed along both sides of the adapter ring. A closed-form solution for real-time pose estimation is given using these break points. Then, a virtual structured light platform is constructed to simulate synthetic images of the target satellite. Compared with the predefined camera parameters and relative positions, the proposed method is demonstrated to be more effective, especially at a close distance. Besides, a physical space verification system is set up to prove the effectiveness and robustness of our method under different light conditions. Experimental results indicate that it is a practical and effective method for the pose measurement of on-orbit tasks.     

Multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation based on kernel regression

The application of high-performance imaging sensors in space-based space surveillance systems makes it possible to recognize space objects and estimate their poses using vision-based methods. In this paper, we proposed a kernel regression-based method for joint multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation. We built a new simulated satellite image dataset named BUAA-SID 1.5 to test our method using different image representations. We evaluated our method for recognition-only tasks, pose estimation-only tasks, and joint recognition and pose estimation tasks. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-arts in space object recognition, and can recognize space objects and estimate their poses effectively and robustly against noise and lighting conditions.     

Rapid and robust initialization for monocular visual inertial navigation within multi-state Kalman filter

Sensor-fusion based navigation attracts significant attentions for its robustness and accuracy in various applications. To achieve a versatile and efficient state estimation both indoor and outdoor, this paper presents an improved monocular visual inertial navigation architecture within the Multi-State Constraint Kalman Filter (MSCKF). In addition, to alleviate the initialization demands by appending enough stable poses in MSCKF, a rapid and robust Initialization MSCKF (I-MSCKF) navigation method is proposed in the paper. Based on the trifocal tensor and sigma-point filter, the initialization of the integrated navigation can be accomplished within three consecutive visual frames. Thus, the proposed I-MSCKF method can improve the navigation performance when suffered from shocks at the initial stage. Moreover, the sigma-point filter is applied at initial stage to improve the accuracy for state estimation. The state vector generated at initial stage from the proposed method is consistent with MSCKF, and thus a seamless transition can be achieved between the initialization and the subsequent navigation in I-MSCKF. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed I-MSCKF method can improve the robustness and accuracy for monocular visual inertial navigations.     

Motion-planning and pose-tracking based rendezvous and docking with a tumbling target

Rendezvous and docking (RVD) with a tumbling target is challenging. In this paper, a novel control scheme based on motion planning and pose (position and attitude) tracking is proposed to solve the pose control of a chaser docking with a tumbling target in the phase of close range rendezvous. Firstly, the current desired motion of the chaser is planned according to the motion of the target. In planning the desired motion, the “approach path constraint” is considered to avoid collisions between the chaser and the target, and the “field-of-view constraint” is considered to make sure the vision sensors on the chaser to obtain tight relative pose knowledge of the target with respect to the chaser. Then, the difference between the chaser’s motion and the desired motion is gradually reduced by a pose tracking controller. This controller is based on the non-singular terminal sliding mode (NTSM) method to make the tracking error converge to zero in finite time. Since the chaser nearly moves along the desired motion and the motion is reasonable, (1) it could safely arrive at the docking port of the target with a suitable relative attitude, (2) it will be always suitably oriented to observe the target well, and (3) the magnitude of the needed control inputs are less than that in existing literatures. The numerical results demonstrate the above three advantages of the proposed method.     

无人机位姿测量的点特征视觉方法

针对无人机在动态环境下快速高精度定位的问题，提出了用单目相机对无人机上的人工特征点进行位姿解算的方法。在无人机上放置一定数量的小型LED灯，并将其作为视觉测量的特征点，并以其中一个点作为原点建立无人机机体坐标系。通过多场景测量确定特征点在机体坐标系下的三维位置，再将三维位置与特征点在图像中的成像位置相匹配，最后使用EpnP算法求解出无人机的位置和姿态。在实验部分，利用三轴移动平台和三维转台，分别对位置解算结果和姿态解算结果进行误差测量。试验结果表明，位置解算误差在2%以下，姿态误差在8%左右。同时，该算法的处理时间在2 ms左右，该算法可以满足无人机对定位的实时性和精度的要求。     

Using consecutive point clouds for pose and motion estimation of tumbling non-cooperative target

This paper proposes a consecutive point clouds-based estimation scheme to resolve the state estimation problem for tumbling non-cooperative space target during the rendezvous phase without a prior knowledge about its structure. First, a consistent pose estimation algorithm is realized by maintaining a global structure of the target that is reconstructed upon the pose graph optimization. Then an extend Kalman filter on Lie group is adopted to estimate the motion and inertia parameters of the target using the pose measurements of the point clouds. Finally, a semi-physical experimental study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimation scheme. The result shows that the structure, motion and the inertia parameters can be estimated, and the total computation time is approximately linear with the number of point clouds.     

无人机空中对接中的视觉导航方法

无人机空中加油是一种能有效提升巡航里程及续航时长的技术手段,近距相对位置和姿态测量技术是其中需要解决的关键问题之一。针对该问题研究了无人机自主空中对接中的视觉导航方法,完成了近距对接的地面实验。首先,利用移动对接图标和无人机的GPS/INS信息进行无人机的粗略导航,完成会合;再充分利用视觉图标的颜色与形状信息,通过颜色分割选取目标可能区域,在这些区域中进行快速椭圆检测,针对椭圆检测算法存在误检测及边缘不重合的问题,提出了椭圆检测与轮廓检测相结合的方法,能够更准确地描述图标边缘;最后,利用改进的OI算法进行相对位姿的估计,实现近距的精确导航。实验结果表明,无人机在较高速度下的跟踪效果良好,采用的视觉导航方法能够满足空中对接中精度与实时性的要求。     

单站测量子弹姿态的可行性分析及处理

主要针对利用单站高速像机测得的子弹图像,通过对测量环境和测量目标的分析,利用被测目标是轴对称体和外形物理尺寸已知的特点,得出利用目标和像的长宽比可以求解目标的三维姿态,给出了三维姿态和空间速度的求解公式。同时对影响测量精度的几个因素进行了分析,最后给出了具体的处理结果。     

Compensation of base disturbance using optimal trajectory planning of dual-manipulators in a space robot

This paper presents a trajectory planning algorithm for a space robot with dual-manipulators. Here one manipulator of the space robot captures a target, and another manipulator is free. In this case, this study uses one manipulator as the mission manipulator to capture the target, and another as the balance manipulator aiming at the compensation of the pose disturbance. For this method, a novel trajectory planning algorithm applied to the balance manipulator is presented. The trajectory planning problem is transformed into series of problems of the optimal state solution, and then the iterative algorithms for the trajectory planning are designed. In the iterative algorithms, the bias force on the spacecraft base caused by the balance manipulator is used as the compensation force. Then, to calculate the expected compensation force and torque, a pose control law for the spacecraft base is introduced. The expected compensation force and torque provide equality constraints for optimization problems, which implies that the trajectory planning algorithm compensates for not only the disturbance generated by the manipulator’s motion, but also environmental disturbances. This is because the expected compensation force and torque depend on the pose change of the spacecraft base rather than the type of the disturbance. Numerical simulation was carried out to analyze the proposed trajectory planning method. It was observed that the method greatly reduces the disturbance of Manipulator A on the spacecraft base. These results validated the effectiveness of the proposed method for the trajectory planning to make the spacecraft base disturbance up to minimum.