凝胶推进剂雾化特性研究进展

为了进一步认识凝胶推进剂雾化过程,促进凝胶发动机的设计和优化,综述了射流撞击式、离心式、气泡式以及燃烧条件下凝胶推进剂雾化特性的研究进展。综述结果表明,凝胶推进剂雾化性能明显差于牛顿流体推进剂,凝胶液膜尺寸显著增大,液丝较难破碎为小粒径液滴;射流撞击式喷嘴对凝胶推进剂的雾化效果优于离心式喷嘴;随着射流雷诺数和韦伯数增大,撞击式凝胶液膜的雾化模式依次为边缘闭合模式、边缘开放模式、无边缘射线模式、液丝分离模式和充分发展模式;采用锥形结构、减小喷嘴出口长径比、方形和椭圆形喷嘴出口皆有利于凝胶液膜破裂,且增大喷注压力、撞击角、温度、室压和减小撞击距离均能改善液膜雾化效果。燃烧条件下MMH/NTO凝胶推进剂撞击液膜破裂雾化机制在宏观上与冷模条件下凝胶推进剂模拟液撞击液膜较好地吻合。此外,对凝胶推进剂雾化特性的进一步研究工作提出了建议。     

高反压下喷嘴雾化特性的理论探讨

 本文对高反压下正压力指数的喷嘴雾化特性的可能原因进行探讨。试验技术上采用高压封闭容器,引起小液滴回流会造成液雾测量上畸变。从机理上,本文提出两个因素:对空气雾化喷嘴,由强紊流脉动与液滴簇的相互作用可能引起不同尺寸液滴碰撞而凝聚;对压力雾化喷嘴,可能由于高反压下液体微团速度迅速衰减而使决定最终雾化生成的气动作用力比低反压时为小的情况出现,本文详细分析了后者情况,证明通常文献及书中普遍叙述“高反压下促进雾化的气动作用力增大”的论点,并不完全正确。     

喷口长度对离心喷嘴雾化特性的影响

为了研究喷口长度对离心喷嘴雾化特性的影响，对长喷口离心喷嘴内部流动状况进行了理论分析。采用高速动态测量分析系统，以水为模拟介质，对离心喷嘴流量、液膜展开角、喷雾场轴向速度等参数在不同压降工况下，随喷口长度的变化进行了试验研究。结果表明：喷口长度的增加使离心喷嘴流量增大、液膜展开角减小、喷雾场轴向速度降低；推导了长喷口离心喷嘴流量系数和液膜展开角的经验公式，该公式可供实际工程应用参考。     

Statistical characteristics of spray autoignition of transient kerosene jet in cross flow

To study statistical characteristics of the random spray autoignition, aviation kerosene was injected transiently into non-vitiated air crossflow in a flow reactor with optical accesses. The operating conditions were relevant to gas turbine combustor: the air crossflow pressure and temperature were in the range of 1.4–1.7 MPa and 830–947 K, respectively, and the jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios were 20, 50 and 80. Statistical distributions of random ignition delay times with adequate convergence were estimated based on histograms. The dependences of the distributions on reactor pressure, temperature, and jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio were studied. The results show that the resulting distributions appear more concentrated with the increase of air temperature or jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio. And then the correlations for the mean and standard deviation of the ignition delay time sample data were developed based on the present results. Compared with the correlations of ignition delay time of homogeneous premixed gas-phase kerosene/air mixture reported in the literature, the results show a greater significance pressure dependence and lower temperature sensitivity of the ignition delay time of non-premixed kerosene spray.     

Review of atomization mechanism and spray characteristics of a liquid jet in supersonic crossflow

The injection and atomization process of a liquid fuel jet is critical for an ignition start of a scramjet engine. Airwall-mounted crossflow injection strategy is widely used in scramjet combustors, avoiding high total pressure loss and allowing the liquid fuel to rapidly undergo atomization, mixing, and evaporation. In this review, research progress on a liquid jet in supersonic crossflow was evaluated from aspects of atomization mechanism and spray characteristics. When a liquid jet is injected into a supersonic crossflow, primary and secondary breakups occur successively. The surface instability of liquid can significantly affect the breakup process. This review discusses the current understanding of the breakup process and spray characteristics of a liquid jet in supersonic crossflow including the mechanism of atomization and the characteristics of distribution and atomization. The development of windward Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) unstable waves is the main factor in column breakup. The development of Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) unstable waves along the circumferential direction of the jet or droplets is the main factor of surface and droplet breakups. The liquid–gas momentum ratio is the most important factor affecting the penetration depth. The span width of the liquid jet is affected by the windward area. Breakup and coalescence lead to a transformation of the size distribution of droplets from S- or C-shaped to I-shaped, and the velocity distribution of the droplets on the central symmetry plane has a mirrored S-shape. The droplet distribution on the spanwise cross-section retains a structure similar to an “Ω” shape. At last, some promising recommendations have been proposed, namely a theoretical predictive model which can describe the breakup mechanism of a liquid jet, the distribution characteristics and droplets size distribution of a liquid jet under a cavity combustion chamber, especially for enthalpy flows with complex wave structures.     

液气式针栓喷注单元喷雾场结构试验研究

径向孔型针栓喷注器相对于径向缝型针栓喷注器具有更复杂的喷雾场。为了研究径向孔型针栓喷注器的喷雾场结构，将径向孔型针栓喷注器简化为单个气体射流与液膜碰撞的针栓喷注单元，采用了背景光成像系统结合激光相位多普勒技术（PDA），以水和空气为模拟介质，对液气式针栓喷注单元的喷雾场进行了试验研究。试验结果表明，液气式针栓喷注单元喷雾的三维结构呈现“喇叭”状。根据喷雾的形成过程及液滴的分布，液气式针栓喷注单元喷雾可以划分为4个区域：碰撞区、液滴区、液雾区及液丝区。液气式针栓喷注单元喷雾的分布范围可由内边界角、外边界角、中线角及散布角表示，均随局部动量比的增大而增大。液滴区的粒子主要由碰撞过程产生，SMD较大；液雾区的粒子经碰撞过程产生后，在气动力作用下进一步雾化，SMD小。由于液雾区的速度和粒径同时受到气动力作用的影响，粒径分布与速度分布在空间上呈现负相关趋势。