近地空间短波红外恒星探测信噪比分析方法

针对星敏感器在近地空间导航应用需求,开展了短波红外恒星探测信噪比分析方法研究。基于恒星目标与天空背景辐射特性,构建了恒星探测信噪比模型,并结合光学系统及图像传感器参数完成了仿真试验。结果表明,同一星等及太阳天顶角下,Ks波段下的恒星探测信噪比最大,H波段次之,J波段最小;同一太阳天顶角及波段下,星等越小,恒星探测信噪比越大;同一星等及波长下,太阳天顶角越大,即恒星与太阳之间角距越大,恒星探测信噪比越大。本文可为新一代近地空间全天时星敏感器系统的方案设计、指标论证、评估应用提供可靠的理论方法与技术支持。     

大视场红外星敏感器折反式光学系统设计

星敏感器是以恒星为探测对象的高精度空间姿态测量装置,广泛应用于卫星、航天飞机、导弹等必备的高精度姿态敏感部件。为了实现在特定环境要求下的精确应用,本文设计了可应用于近红外波长的红外光学系统。首先,根据既定的参数进行了初始结构的选型,并对马克苏托夫望远镜的形式进行了改进。然后,对设计结果进行了探测性能分析。随后对设计好的系统进行了公差分析及优化,使它能满足加工装配需求。最后,为光学系统设计了遮光罩,进行了杂散光分析。设计与分析结果表明：该探测光学系统折反射镜全表面采用球面,系统总长171.2mm,全视场14μm包围能量分布均在86%以上,0.8视场内最大畸变小于4μm。该系统视场大、结构紧凑、装调难度低、探测灵敏度高、探测范围广、温度适应性强,可在0.8～1.9μm近红外波段的宽光谱范围内进行高精度目标检测的准确检测。     

基于红外视频的火灾探测算法

视频火灾探测技术成为火灾探测的主要研究方向之一,该技术的难点是保证对火灾准确快速地探测。针对目前视频火灾探测识别率较低、报警时间较长的问题,为了提高火灾识别率,增强算法实时性,本文提出一种红外视频的火灾火焰探测方法,采用带有截止可见光透红外滤波片的摄像头采集现场红外影像,结合火焰的静态和动态特征,对火灾进行准确快速探测,同时,综合运用火焰圆形度和尖角个数变化判据对稳定火焰和非稳定火焰进行区别,实现对火灾的分级报警。实验结果表明,改进算法对火焰识别的准确性高,抗干扰能力较强,并且具有显著的快速性,其处理速度达到20ms/帧,并且系统平均报警时间小于200ms。     

空间红外点目标遥感探测系统在轨辐射定标

空间红外点目标遥感探测系统由于其任务与技术等方面的特殊性,其在轨辐射定标方法同一般对地观测遥感器相比较存在诸多差别。文章在广泛调研成功在轨运行的此类系统在轨辐射定标方法与技术基础之上,对其在轨辐射定标方法进行了分析与总结。为中国此类系统在轨辐射定标技术的深入研究提供参考。     

箔片型红外面源诱饵扩散规律

目前红外面源诱饵已成为对抗红外成像制导导弹的重要方法。鉴于此,以箔片型红外面源诱饵为研究对象,利用计算流体力学（CFD）方法得到单个箔片和两平行箔片在不同迎角下的气动力系数。通过对箔片空中运动分析,特别是考虑到燃烧力作用的特殊性,将箔片的运动分为两个阶段：起燃阶段和完全燃烧阶段,并建立了两个阶段的运动模型。在单个箔片运动模型的基础上,设置上千个箔片初始姿态和旋转角速度的概率分布情况,同时对上千个箔片求解运动方程,即可得到整个红外面源诱饵的空间运动扩散规律。仿真结果表明：在高速运动平台上垂直向上发射红外面源诱饵,其扩散形状近似为前部稀疏后部密集的锥形云团;仿真得到的面源诱饵扩散尺寸和运动位置与实测数据吻合度较高,特别是面源诱饵在x轴方向扩散尺寸误差小于5%。     

气动加热下光学窗口传热特性的数值模拟

针对气动加热条件下光学窗口辐射导热耦合传热开展研究,以了解光学窗口的热辐射发射规律及热防护性能。采用有限体积法、蒙特卡罗法、谱带模型建立了具有镜反射界面的光学窗口辐射传输及辐射导热耦合传热计算模型,对具有两层SiO2玻璃的光学窗口传热特性进行了模拟。结果表明处于高温区玻璃向外发射热辐射,低温区玻璃吸收热辐射;除了加热面附近外的玻璃区域,辐射热流密度远大于导热热流密度,在2.9～4.2μm谱带内的辐射热流密度大于0.4～2.9μm谱带内的;在0.4～2.9μm谱带内,可见光波长内的出射辐射热流密度最小,中红外波长范围内出射辐射热流密度最大。在光学窗口总厚度一定的情况下,降低玻璃层厚度和玻璃夹层气体热导率能够有效降低光学窗口非加热面稳态温度。     

航空发动机排气系统红外辐射特征数值计算研究

基于N—S方程,建立了某型发动机排气系统的数值计算模型;利用辐射传输方程（RTE）积分法所编制的红外辐射特征计算程序,计算了该发动机在地面工作状态下的红外辐射特征分布;在加力状态下,考虑了soot粒子的光谱吸收与发射。分析了水蒸气、二氧化碳、一氧化氮和一氧化碳气体介质的红外光谱吸收与发射,并考虑了红外辐射在大气中的传输,最后给出了在3.0～5．0μm波段内排气系统的红外辐射强度分布。     

Investigations of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir waters based on the multispectral satellite data

In this work historical investigations and modern results of classification of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir are presented. The paper presents results of studying the dynamics of phytopigments and other optically active components, using multispectral satellite data. Several approaches to interpreting satellite data for optically complex inland water bodies are offered. Based on results of historical investigations it is shown that the spatial distribution of phytoplankton in the reservoir stems back to the time of its formation. Color index in the red spectral region (CIR) is introduced. A relationship between the color index and chlorophyll concentration is investigated. The CIR, derived from the AVHRR data, has been found to be related to chlorophyll concentration. Based on MODIS data, the waters of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir have been classified in accordance with their optical spectral variability, using the technique of unsupervised IsoData classification. An empirical relationship between multispectral MODIS data and the ground-truth measurements of chlorophyll concentration has been found.     

Surface temperature estimation in Singhbhum Shear Zone of India using Landsat-7 ETM+ thermal infrared data

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor in global change studies, heat balance and as control for climate change. A comparative study of LST over parts of the Singhbhum Shear Zone in India was undertaken using various emissivity and temperature retrieval algorithms applied on visible and near infrared (VNIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) bands of high resolution Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery. LST results obtained from satellite data of October 26, 2001 and November 2, 2001 through various algorithms were validated with ground measurements collected during satellite overpass. In addition, LST products of MODIS and ASTER were compared with Landsat-7 ETM+ and ground truth data to explore the possibility of using multi-sensor approach in LST monitoring. An image-based dark object subtraction (DOS3) algorithm, which is yet to be tested for LST retrieval, was applied on VNIR bands to obtain atmospheric corrected surface reflectance images. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was estimated from VNIR reflectance image. Various surface emissivity retrieval algorithms based on NDVI and vegetation proportion were applied to ascertain emissivities of the various land cover categories in the study area in the spectral range of 10.4–12.5 μm. A minimum emissivity value of about 0.95 was observed over the reflective rock body with a maximum of about 0.99 over dense forest. A strong correlation was established between Landsat ETM+ reflectance band 3 and emissivity. Single channel based algorithms were adopted for surface radiance and brightness temperature. Finally, emissivity correction was applied on ‘brightness temperature’ to obtain LST. Estimated LST values obtained from various algorithms were compared with field ground measurements for different land cover categories. LST values obtained after using Valor’s emissivity and single channel equations were best correlated with ground truth temperature. Minimum LST is observed over dense forest as about 26 °C and maximum LST is observed over rock body of about 38 °C. The estimated LST showed that rock bodies, bare soils and built-up areas exhibit higher surface temperatures, while water bodies, agricultural croplands and dense vegetations have lower surface temperatures during the daytime. The accuracy of the estimated LST was within ±2 °C. LST comparison of ASTER and MODIS with Landsat has a maximum difference of 2 °C. Strong correlation was found between LST and spectral radiance of band 6 of Landsat-7 ETM+. Result corroborates the fact that surface temperatures over land use/land cover types are greatly influenced by the amount of vegetation present.     

空间TDICCD相机动态信噪比计算方法研究

信噪比是空间光学相机系统的主要设计指标之一,可用于表征相机的辐射性能。文章通过建立遥感卫星轨道模型,分析计算一年中任意时刻用太阳高度角和卫星观测角描述太阳、卫星、地面目标点之间的相对位置关系,并将计算得到的卫星观测角和太阳高度角等参数导入大气传输软件MODTRAN,输出在相机入瞳处的地面目标光谱辐亮度,再根据信噪比的计算方法,最后完成TDICCD相机动态的信噪比计算值。通过该方法,可以计算任一时刻任一观测目标的信噪比,这将有利于判断在某一时刻的能量是否满足观测要求,以随时改变TDICCD的探测器级数,使得成像像质达到最佳。