Analysis of space debris impact source localization based on PVDF piezoelectric film

As the pace of human exploration and utilization of space continues to accelerate, space debris gradually becomes an inevitable problem affecting and threatening human space activities. When space debris strikes the spacecraft bulkhead, determining the impact source location timely and accurately is the foundation of the repair damage, and is also of great importance for the safety of astronauts' life. This paper analyzed the wave propagation law in thin plates, established a lightweight sensor array using PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) circular thin-film sensors, and used a two-stage light-gas gun loading system to conduct hypervelocity collision localization experiments on impacting 2A12 aluminum plates to study the effects of sensor array radius and sensor size on localization results. The results show that the smaller the radius of the PVDF sensor array is, the more accurate the positioning result is under the premise of the same size of the PVDF circular film sensor array. On the premise of the same PVDF sensor array arrangement, the larger the PVDF circular membrane sensor is, the more accurate the positioning result is. ABAQUS finite element software is used to study the stress wave propagation of aluminum ball impacting aluminum plate at high speed, simulating space debris impacting spacecraft. The stress waveform obtained from the simulation is in good agreement with the experiment, which shows the accuracy of the numerical simulation method.     

Coordinated control of dual-arm robot on space structure for capturing space targets

This paper presents a coordinated control scheme for two capture tasks via a dual-arm space robot with its base on a flexible space structure. The robot system consists of a base, a mission arm for capture, and a balance arm for removing disturbance forces to the base. To counteract the impact of structural vibration, a two-stage strategy containing a vibration control stage and a target capture stage is proposed. In the first stage, the robot and structure are treated as a mass-spring system in which the coupling effect between the robot and the flexible structure is exploited to suppress structural vibration. Notably, the collision avoidance between two arms is achieved by a velocity inequality constraint, wherein the reactionless motion is utilized. In the second stage, a reactionless trajectory is planned for the mission arm to reach the target location and attitude, as the balance arm remove the coupling disturbance to the base. Afterwards, the balance arm becomes the new mission arm for capture and the other arm is defined as the new balance arm. Finally, numerical simulations are given to validate the efficiency of the proposed coordinated control strategy.     

基于摄影测量技术的航天发动机装配过程几何参数测量方法研究

当前我国航天发动机装配过程几何参数的测量方法为专业人员操作激光跟踪仪或全站仪逐点位进行测量,此类方法存在测量效率低的缺点。针对此问题,提出了一种高效的基于摄影测量技术的航天发动机装配过程几何参数测量方法,对该测量方法的测量原理进行了介绍,详细说明了这一方法各测量环节实现的测量目的,最后通过实测数据计算工业数字摄影测量技术在此类应用中的系统准确度,证明了该测量方法的可行性。     

用于空间站的四重冗余对接控制系统设计

针对空间站所处太空环境的特殊性、对接机构对空间站正常运行的重要性,以及对航天器可靠性要求日益增加的问题,提出在对接控制系统中增加可靠性设计,实现整个机构的高质量、平稳运转。在完成正常控制功能的基础上,在系统中采用了四重冗余的工作机制,包括主备机双热备份、自动/手动控制模式切换、自动控制关闭指令双线发送和工作模式的三取二判断,对四重冗余设计的具体判断流程进行了详细的解释。对控制系统软件进行仿真验证,结果表明：本方法设计的对接控制系统具有高可靠性和故障容错能力。     

两类空间目标的非参数姿态判别方法

在详细分析空间轨道目标窄带雷达特性的基础上,利用非参数统计学的随机游程检验理论对空间目标的稳定方式进行判别,从而实现对绕质心旋转和非旋转这两类目标的分类识别。     

空间机器人的目标捕获自适应控制

首先推导了基座姿态受控空间机器人系统运动学关系,得到了广义雅可比矩阵。根据目标的运动来规划机械臂末端在惯性空间的期望轨迹。对机器人动力学和运动学关系式进行线性参数比,分别对动力学待估参数和运动学待估参数设计在线修正律,在关节空间采用自适应控制。对于存在动力学参数不确知的机器人系统,算法保证了系统的渐近稳定,在成目标捕获任务的同时,控制基座姿态保持在期望范围之内。以平面两关节空间机器人系统为对象进行了仿真,结果表明了算法的可行性和有效性。     

Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS) – A martian Moons orbiter and Phobos lander

We describe a Mars ‘Micro Mission’ for detailed study of the martian satellites Phobos and Deimos. The mission involves two ∼330 kg spacecraft equipped with solar electric propulsion to reach Mars orbit. The two spacecraft are stacked for launch: an orbiter for remote investigation of the moons and in situ studies of their environment in Mars orbit, and another carrying a lander for in situ measurements on the surface of Phobos (or alternatively Deimos). Phobos and Deimos remain only partially studied, and Deimos less well than Phobos. Mars has almost always been the primary mission objective, while the more dedicated Phobos project (1988–89) failed to realise its full potential. Many questions remain concerning the moons’ origins, evolution, physical nature and composition. Current missions, such as Mars Express, are extending our knowledge of Phobos in some areas but largely neglect Deimos. The objectives of M-PADS focus on: origins and evolution, interactions with Mars, volatiles and interiors, surface features, and differences. The consequent measurement requirements imply both landed and remote sensing payloads. M-PADS is expected to accommodate a 60 kg orbital payload and a 16 kg lander payload. M-PADS resulted from a BNSC-funded study carried out in 2003 to define candidate Mars Micro Mission concepts for ESA’s Aurora programme.     

Induction of genomic instability after an acute whole-body exposure of mice to Fe ions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dose–response relationships for the in vivo induction of micronuclei (MN) as a measure of both initial radiation damage and the induction of genomic instability. These measurements were made in mouse blood erythrocytes as a function of radiation dose, radiation quality, time after irradiation, and the genetic background of exposed individuals. Blood samples were collected from two strains of mouse (CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J) at different times up to 3 months following a whole-body exposure to various doses of 1 GeV/amu ⁵⁶Fe ions (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 Gy, at the dose rate of a 1 Gy/min) or ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 Gy, at the dose rate of 0.72 Gy/min). Blood-smear slides were stained with acridine orange (AO). The frequencies of MN were measured in mature normochromatic-erythrocytes (MN-NCEs) and in immature polychromatic-erythrocytes (MN-PCEs). Effects of both types of radiation on erythropoiesis were also evaluated. As a measure of cell progression delay, a dose-dependent decrease in numbers of PCEs was observed at day 2 post-exposure in both strains, regardless of radiation quality. Subsequently, the levels of PCEs increased in all exposed mice, reaching control levels (or higher) by day 7 post-exposure. Further, at day 2 after the exposure, there was no increase in the frequency of MN-PCEs in CBA/CaJ mice exposed to ⁵⁶Fe ions while the frequency of MN-PCEs elevated as a function of dose in the C57BL/6J mice. At day 4, there was no dose related increase in MN-NCEs in either strain of mouse exposed to ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays. Additionally, at the early sacrifice times (days 2 and 4), ⁵⁶Fe ions were slightly more effective (per unit dose) in inducing MN-NCEs than ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays in CBA/CaJ mice. However, there was no increase in the frequency of MN-NCEs at late times after an acute exposure to either type of radiation. In contrast, both types of radiation induced increased MN-PCEs frequencies in irradiated CBA/CaJ mice, but not C57BL/6J mice, at late times post-exposure. This finding indicates the potential induction of genomic instability in hematopoietic cells of CBA/CaJ mice by both types of radiation. The finding also demonstrates the influence of genetic background on radiation-induced genomic instability in vivo.     

Using high-energy proton fluence to improve risk prediction for consequences of solar particle events

The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) with high energy levels is a major concern during interplanetary transfer and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar and Mars surface. Previously, we have used data from the last 5 solar cycles to estimate percentiles of dose to a typical blood-forming organ (BFO) for a hypothetical astronaut in a nominally shielded spacecraft during a 120-d lunar mission. As part of this process, we made use of complete energy spectra for 34 large historical SPEs to calculate what the BFO mGy-Eq dose would have been in the above lunar scenario for each SPE. From these calculated doses, we then developed a prediction model for BFO dose based solely on an assumed value of integrated fluence above 30 MeV (Φ₃₀) for an otherwise unspecified future SPE. In this study, we reasoned that since BFO dose is determined more by protons with higher energies than by those with lower energies, more accurate BFO dose prediction models could be developed using integrated fluence above 60 (Φ₆₀) and above 100 MeV (Φ₁₀₀) as predictors instead of Φ₃₀. However to calculate the unconditional probability of a BFO dose exceeding a pre-specified limit (“BFO dose risk”), one must also take into account the distribution of the predictor (Φ_30,Φ₆₀, or Φ₁₀₀), as estimated from historical SPEs. But Φ₆₀ and Φ₁₀₀ have more variability, and less available historical information on which to estimate their distributions over many SPE occurrences, than does Φ₃₀. Therefore, when estimating BFO dose risk there is a tradeoff between increased BFO dose prediction at a given energy threshold and decreased accuracy of models for describing the distribution of that threshold over future SPEs as the threshold increases. Even when taking the second of these two factors into account, we still arrived at the conclusion that overall prediction improves as the energy level threshold increases from 30 to 60 to 100 MeV. These results can be applied to the development of approaches to improve radiation protection of astronauts and the optimization of mission planning for future space missions.     

空间站废水的处理及管理

长期载人飞行的空间站需要大量的用水,为解决由此引起的巨大的维持飞行的运行费用,需要实现水的再生与闭路循环.如何针对空间站废水的特征,解决废水的处理与利用问题,并建立合理的水循环体系是这一工作的关键.文中分析、比较了空间站废水的处理方法,设计了空间站水管理整合方案,并多方面探讨和验证这一方案的合理性和可行性.