The enigma of small satellites for earth observation

Small satellites have captured a continuously increasing share of the market in the fields of science, technology and recently also in the telecommunications and Earth observation areas. User requirements and market opportunities for space based satellite systems for Earth observation products have grown substantially in the past decade. Criteria for the utilization of different classes of satellite systems (small and large) and analogies to developments in other areas, e.g. the telecommunications field are discussed. The end to end character of service and product oriented systems as key criteria for market success in the scientific, applications and commercial areas is underlined. Recent developments in the global change, the Earth observation applications and commercial sectors are reviewed and compared. Opportunities for small satellites in the field are related to technology advancements, cost reduction options, and progress in the state of the art in system design.     

小卫星的推进系统

小卫星推进系统可以完成多种功能：变轨、轨道保持、姿态控制、重新定位以及离轨等。先进化学推进系统和低功耗电推进系统是现代小卫星的理想选择。近期可供小卫星应用的推进系统包括高压Ｉｒ／Ｒｅ双组元推力器、电弧推力器、霍尔推力器、脉冲等离子体推力器。业已证明，这些推进系统可以在目前计划中的许多小卫星上发挥其用武之地。本文综述了这一技术领域的最新进展。     

微小卫星鲁棒自适应姿态确定算法

基于磁强计测量的微小卫星姿态确定系统中,由于状态方程和测量方程均为轨道参数的函数,因此在轨道估计存在误差的情况下,标准的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法（ExtendedKalmanFilter,EKF）并不能获得姿态的最优解。针对轨道确定误差对姿态确定的影响,基于自适应滤波及鲁棒估计原理,提出了鲁棒自适应卡尔曼滤波（RobustAdaptiveKalman Filter,RAKF）算法。该算法通过构建合理的膨胀因子和自适应因子,自动调节观测噪声方差矩阵和一步预测方差矩阵的大小,从而改变旧有数据及观测信息在滤波中的权重,获得更合理的卡尔曼增益,使滤波器获得近似最优结果。基于标准卡尔曼滤波的稳定性理论,证明了若系统一致完全可控并且一致完全可观,该滤波器是一致渐近稳定的。数学仿真表明,与EKF相比,RAKF能够将欧拉角估计精度从0.3°提高到0.2°,从而证明了该算法的有效性。     

复杂背景中红外弱小目标检测技术研究

对复杂背景中红外弱小目标检测识别的一种图像处理技术进行了研究。用最大中值滤波进行预处理以抑制孤立噪声影响,采用时域方差滤波抑制背景信息,对滤波后的图像根据直方图信息进行自适应二值化处理,由多帧轨迹确定目标。用实验与基于形态学算子滤波的目标检测算法进行了比较,结果表明该算法能获得较满意的目标检测结果,两种滤波方法的组合可有效提高信噪比。     

小型控制力矩陀螺扰动建模及性能指标分析

为实现遥感卫星的高精度指向能力,对遥感卫星星上常用执行机构控制力矩陀螺扰动及性能指标评定进行了研究。首先,充分考虑小型控制力矩陀螺的静动不平衡量以及框架轴的安装误差,根据动量定理和动量矩定理建立了完整的星载小型控制力矩陀螺的动力学模型,并对所建立模型的正确性进行了理论分析和仿真验证;其次,将含有扰动特性的小型控制力矩陀螺应用到星上,建立了整星动力学模型,并选用合适的框架伺服控制系统和转子伺服控制系统,完成整星的姿态稳定控制任务;最后,采用数值仿真的方式分析了陀螺转子静动不平衡因素以及框架角测量误差对星体姿态精度和稳定度带来的影响。结合任务要求,对小型控制力矩陀螺设计提出静动不平衡量等指标要求,以期使其满足星上光学有效载荷的成像要求。     

FPGA-based operational concept and payload data processing for the Flying Laptop satellite

Flying Laptop is the first small satellite developed by the Institute of Space Systems at the Universität Stuttgart. It is a test bed for an on-board computer with a reconfigurable, redundant and self-controlling high computational ability based on the field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This Technical Note presents the operational concept and the on-board payload data processing of the satellite. The designed operational concept of Flying Laptop enables the achievement of mission goals such as technical demonstration, scientific Earth observation, and the payload data processing methods. All these capabilities expand its scientific usage and enable new possibilities for real-time applications. Its hierarchical architecture of the operational modes of subsystems and modules are developed in a state-machine diagram and tested by means of MathWorks Simulink-/Stateflow Toolbox. Furthermore, the concept of the on-board payload data processing and its implementation and possible applications are described.     

小子样精度鉴定技术研究

讨论了小子样下的Bayes精度鉴定技术研究的一般方法,分析了考虑验前信息可信度时方差的检验,检验分为简单假设和复杂假设2种情况。给出了临界区域以及犯弃真和采伪两类错误的概率。仿真结果表明了方法的合理性。     

Dynamics in the Phobos environment

The dynamical environment on and about the Martian moon Phobos is explored. This planetary moon provides a unique dynamical environment in the solar system, being subject to extreme tidal forces and having a characteristically non-spherical shape. Further, it is not in a fully circular orbit, meaning that it has librations that arise from its eccentricity, contributing to a periodic forcing environment. Thus, to plan and implement missions in the vicinity of and on Phobos will require these considerations be taken into account. In this paper the latest published models of the Phobos shape and dynamics are used to characterize its dynamical environment in close proximity orbit about the body, for motion across its surface and for controlled hovering motion in its vicinity. It is found that surface motion is subject to a number of “speed limits” that can cause a moving vehicle to leave the surface and to possibly escape the moon and enter orbit about Mars. In terms of orbital stability, the existence of libration orbit families are characterized down to the surface using an exact potential, and the known stable QSO orbits are shown to be associated with families of stable quasi-periodic orbits.     

Design of an innovative multi-stage forming process for a complex aeronautical thin-walled part with very small radii

In this paper, an aeronautical thin-walled part with a complex geometry which has several sharp bends and curvatures in different directions was investigated. This kind of part is difficult to be manufactured only in one stage. Therefore, an innovative multi-stage active hydroforming process assisted by the rigid forming method was designed. In addition, an optimized blank geometry is obtained. In fact, the main focused point of this paper is to propose a new small radius rounded corner forming technique and analyze the mechanism. Two kinds of forming modes of changing a big rounded corner into a small one, which are related to different tangential positions of the die in the process of calibration, are analyzed theoretically. Meanwhile, the stress and strain states of the deformation region are compared. The relationships between the minimum relative radii of rounded corners I and II in the first stage and the hydraulic pressure are calculated by the bending theory. Finally, the influences of the tensile-bulging effect and the interface condition of the double-layer sheet on the forming quality of the specimen are investigated. The achieved results can make a foundation for utilizing the proposed method in forming of thin-walled parts with very small radii.     

飞轮姿控小卫星模糊控制方法研究

对三轴稳定飞轮姿控小卫星的模糊控制方法进行了研究。不考虑解耦运算,基于模糊控制,以姿态角偏差及偏差变化率为输入,飞轮转动角加速度为输出,在每个通道分别加入模糊控制器,实现了对小卫星滚转、俯仰和偏航通道耦合系统的有效控制。仿真结果表明:该法对干扰抑制明显、对结构参数变化不敏感,响应过程有良好的快速性和较高的稳态精度(可达1×10-4rad),可避免传统方法中对动力学方程的直接解耦操作,应用时可将模糊控制规则转化为控制表储存在星载计算机,简单高效。