模拟月尘制备及其物理和力学性质研究

在地球上进行的大量与月尘力学性质和机械性质相关的试验研究中,通常采用模拟月尘代替真实月尘。本研究制备了一种适用于月球探测工程试验的模拟月尘,制备工序依次为原材料选取、颗粒粗加工、颗粒精加工、颗粒级配、颗粒混合及预处理。该模拟月尘的颗粒粒径分布、颗粒相对密度、干密度、孔隙比、内聚力和内摩擦角等物理和力学性能参数经分析与国外典型模拟月尘相关参数相近,证明其可应用于月球探测工程试验。     

Energetic neutral atom (ENA) and charged particle periodicities in Saturn’s magnetosphere

The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) on the Cassini spacecraft has observed energetic neutral atoms (ENA) and charged particles at Saturn from mid-2004 to the present. The particles often but not always reveal striking periodic behavior that seems to depend on the type of particle and spacecraft location. When subjected to a Lomb periodogram analysis, energetic electrons (>150 keV) exhibited strong frequency peaks near 10.80 h (the nominal or “base” period of Saturn kilometric radiation) during 2006–2008, but essentially no periodicity during 2005. The electron periodograms also show pronounced “double” frequency peaks in 2007 and 2008. Energetic protons (3–26 keV) show strong peaks near the same period for 2005–2007, but none for 2008. Oxygen ions at the same energies display strong peaks for 2005 and 2006, but not for 2007 and 2008. By projecting the ENA images onto Saturn’s equatorial plane or onto a plane perpendicular to the equatorial plane and then summing the data in the appropriate dimension, “strip” images can be constructed from which a time history can be derived. These time histories of ENA emissions are also subjected to a Lomb periodogram analyses. The energetic hydrogen neutrals (20–50 keV) exhibited periodic behavior only during 2007, while energetic oxygen neutrals (64–144 keV) displayed a strong SKR-like period in 2005 and 2006 but not for 2007 or 2008. Some of this behavior may be due to changing spacecraft aspect relative to the ENA emissions, and some of it may be real. This periodic behavior may be consistent with a rotating anomaly that “flashes” brightly in the midnight-to-dawn sector once per 10.8 h, with the flash parameters depending on particle species and energy.     

航空发动机气路颗粒静电监测技术模拟实验

探讨了航空发动机气路颗粒静电监测技术的工作原理和技术特点。为进行该技术的可行性研究搭建了模拟实验台,利用电晕模拟了气路故障发生时尾气中不同大小的带电颗粒,使用自制的探针式静电传感器对运动带电颗粒进行监测,信号调理器将感应电荷放大并转换为对应的电压,结果显示：①静电传感器能够监测到运动带电颗粒;②感应电压幅值与颗粒大小有关;③感应电压波形与颗粒性质有关;④大量小颗粒和单个大颗粒混合物的感应电压表现出两者各自的特征。     

Research Advances of Solar Corona and Interplanetary Physics in China: 2012–2014

Solar transients and their related interplanetary counterparts have severe effects on the space environments of the Earth. Therefore, the research of solar corona and interplanetary physics has become the focus of study for both solar and space scientists. Considerable progress has been achieved in these aspects by the solar and space physics community of China during 2012–2014, which will be given in this report. The brief report summarizes the research advances of solar corona and interplanetary physics into the following parts: solar wind origin and turbulence, coronal waves and seismology, solar eruptions, solar energetic particle and galactic cosmic ray, magnetic reconnection,Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) models and their applications, waves and structures in solar wind,propagation of ICMEs/shocks and their arrival time predictions. These research achievements have been achieved by Chinese solar and space scientists independently or via international collaborations.     

C/SiC复合材料铣削表面完整性研究

采用PCD刀具进行了C/SiC复合材料的铣削加工实验,通过观察加工表面/亚表面损伤,分析了C/SiC复合材料铣削加工表面形成机制,并结合切削力讨论了铣削参数对加工表面形貌和粗糙度的影响。研究结果表明,C/SiC材料以脆性断裂方式实现去除;加工表面存在纤维的层状脆断、拔出和纤维束断裂等现象;碳纤维区域粗糙度随铣削参数的变化规律与表面微观形貌基本一致;提高切削速度能改善表面质量,增大切深会使表面质量严重恶化,每齿进给量对表面质量影响较小。     

空间高能粒子与器件布线层核反应后次级粒子LET分布研究

空间高能质子和重离子是导致元器件发生单粒子效应的根本原因,为准确评估元器件在轨遭遇的单粒子效应风险,必须清楚高能质子、重离子与器件材料发生核反应的物理过程及生成的次级重离子LET（Line EnergyTransfer）分布规律。针对典型CMOS工艺器件模拟计算了不同能量质子和氦核粒子在器件灵敏单元内产生的反冲核、平均能量及线性能量转移值,并分析了半导体器件金属布线层中重金属对次级重离子LET分布的影响规律。计算结果表明：高能粒子与器件相互作用后产生大量次级重离子,且高能质子作用后产生的次级粒子的LET值主要分布为0～25MeV·cm²/mg;高能氦核粒子作用后产生的次级粒子的LET值主要分布为0～35 MeV·cm²/mg;有重金属钨（W）存在时能提高次级粒子的LET值,增加了半导体器件发生单粒子效应的概率,该研究结果可为元器件单粒子效应风险分析、航天器抗单粒子效应指标确定提供重要依据。     

近月空间带电粒子环境——“嫦娥1号”“嫦娥2号”观测结果

“嫦娥1号”（CE-1）、“嫦娥2号”（CE-2）都安装了1台太阳高能粒子探测器（High-energetic ParticlesDetectors,HPD）和2台太阳风离子探测器（Solar Wind Ion Detectors,SWIDs）,进行了月球轨道200 km和100 km空间环境探测,获得了月球轨道空间高能带电粒子（质子、电子和重离子）能谱随时间的演化特征、等离子体与月球相互作用特征以及太阳风离子速度、密度和温度参量。空间环境探测数据分析结果表明：太阳活动低年、空间环境扰动水平相对较低、月球处于太阳风中时,近月空间带电粒子环境的基本特征与行星际空间相比变化不大。CE-1、CE-2在轨运行期间,发现了多起0.1～2 MeV能量电子急剧增加事件,这些事件发生在月球从太阳风运动到磁尾的所有空间区域,其中20%的事件伴随着卫星周围等离子体离子加速。模拟和统计研究表明：能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星和月球表面电位大幅下降导致了离子加速现象的发生;能量电子总流量大于10¹¹ cm^-2时,绕月卫星和月球表面充电电位可达负的上千伏。此外,月表溅射与反射太阳风离子、太阳风“拾起”离子等空间环境事件的发现,揭示了太阳风离子和月球存在复杂的相互作用过程。     

C/SiC复合材料热辐射性能研究

利用稳态量热计法和傅里叶红外光谱仪分别测定了C/SiC复合材料在90℃时的半球向总发射率和室温法向光谱反射率.研究了纤维预制体编织方式、涂层厚度及表面形貌对C/SiC复合材料热辐射性能的影响.结果表明,3D C/SiC复合材料的热辐射性能优于2D C/SiC.2D C/SiC的总发射率为0.78,3D C/SiC达到0.82;SiC涂层厚度对C/SiC复合材料的热辐射性能影响很大,随着SiC涂层厚度的增加,C/SiC总发射率先降低后上升,最高值可达0.85;表面抛光后C/SiC复合材料热辐射性能有所下降,2D和3D C/SiC总发射率分别为0.74和0.75.     

Cf／SiC复合材料TixOy—TiCx—Ti5Si3／微晶玻璃抗氧化涂层

提出一种用于碳纤维增强碳化硅复合材料(Cf/SiC)的成本低、工艺简单的复合抗氧化涂层:采用熔盐渗金属法在Cf/SiC表面制备钛金属化层,在其上通过涂覆烧结法获得MgO-Al2O3-SiO2(MAS)微晶玻璃层。通过立体显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射等测试手段对复合涂层的形貌、成分和相组成进行分析,采用静态氧化法测试其在1000℃的抗氧化能力。结果表明,复合涂层结构相对致密,主要成分为:TixOy-TiCx-Ti5Si3/微晶玻璃;涂层具有过渡、封孔、阻碳、自愈合、阻氧、抗挥发的功能;带有复合涂层的Cf/SiC在1000℃保温12h,热冲击12次后,涂层保持致密无裂纹,单位面积失重为0.0039g/cm2,强度保留率为99.3%,有效提高Cf/SiC的抗氧化能力。     

3D-C/SiC复合材料的高温疲劳性能

采用应力比为0.1和0.5,频率为60和20Hz的正弦波从室温至1500℃,在10-4Pa真空中对3D-C/SiC复合材料进行拉—拉疲劳实验;获得其在应力比0.1频率60Hz条件下室温、1100、1300和1500℃的疲劳曲线,以及应力比0.1频率20Hz和应力比0.5频率20Hz条件下1500℃的疲劳曲线。结果表明,若取循环基数为106周,应力比0.1频率60Hz条件下,3D-C/SiC复合材料在室温、1100、1300和1500℃的疲劳极限分别为235、350、285和240MPa,约为其拉伸强度的87%、97%、94%和90%;疲劳极限与比例极限和拉伸强度随温度有相似的变化规律,即随温度升高而增加,在1100℃达到最大值,尔后随温度增加而下降;但是S—Nf曲线的斜率的变化规律恰好与此相反。应力比的增加和频率的降低,均使复合材料1500℃的疲劳极限有所减小。