Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

Effect of drag reducing riblet surface on coherent structure in turbulent boundary layer

The characteristics of turbulent boundary layer over streamwise aligned drag reducing riblet surface under zero-pressure gradient are investigated using particle image velocimetry. The formation and distribution of large-scale coherent structures and their effect on momentum partition are analyzed using two-point correlation and probability density function. Compared with smooth surface, the streamwise riblets reduce the friction velocity and Reynolds stress in the turbulent boundary layer, indicating the drag reduction effect. Strong correlation has been found between the occurrence of hairpin vortices and the momentum distribution. The number and streamwise length scale of hairpin vortices decrease over streamwise riblet surface. The correlation between number of uniform momentum zones and Reynolds number remains the same as smooth surface.     

水陆两栖飞机的关键技术和产业应用前景

水陆两栖飞机历经百年的发展,已成为飞机大家族中的稀有机型,但其在现代航空工业中的存在价值和意义却不容忽视,其独特的水陆起降特性更使其依然具有在民用和军事多个领域中应用的优势。除了陆基飞机常规的设计制造技术外,水陆两栖飞机特有的关键技术则是其优良水面起降特性的技术保障,也是航空技术发展的一个重要方面。本文从传统布局和现代创新布局两个方面阐释了水陆两栖飞机的设计特点和技术特征以及发展转变,从水陆两栖飞机水动力特性和气动特性等方面分析了影响其发展的关键技术,并探讨了水陆两栖飞机的产业应用领域前景以及技术发展方向。     

壁温比对圆截面隔离段激波串的影响研究

为明晰壁温比对圆截面隔离段激波串的影响,采用RANS方法对圆截面隔离段进行三维数值计算,发现冷壁条件下,壁温比升高将导致隔离段抗反压能力减弱。在此基础上,通过理论分析研究了壁温比对边界层的影响,发现边界层主要通过剪切应力和亚声速流层携带的流体惯性的综合作用来抵抗反压,其中剪切应力与压升作用一致,而亚声速流层携带的流体惯性与压升作用相反。考虑壁温比影响,对经典Waltrup激波串预测公式进行修正,修正后公式可以动态反映壁温比变化导致的激波串长度改变,有助于隔离段优化设计。     

局部/组合抽吸对压气机叶栅分离流动控制的机理研究

为了研究不同抽吸形式对压气机内部分离流动的控制效果和机理,基于数值模拟方法,对内部同时存在角区分离和附面层分离的直列叶栅进行抽吸计算,共设置8套不同的方案进行了详细的探究。结果表明:对于控制分离的效果和机理,不同抽吸形式之间存在着一定差异;在分离发展的不同阶段,实施抽吸对其控制效果也有所不同。近端壁吸力面抽吸方案SS3同时减小了角区分离和近端壁处的尾缘附面层分离,尾部近吸力面沿展向静压分布为正"C"型,使角区内的低能流体向叶中流动,角区流动得到改善,但导致叶展中部流场的恶化;端壁抽吸和全叶高组合抽吸则使尾部近吸力面静压沿展向分布更均匀,低能流体的迁移现象减弱。基于以上结果可得:组合抽吸可以更有效地控制叶栅内部流动分离,降低损失,提高叶栅流通能力。     

铝合金表面贯穿式复合涂层设计、制备及性能研究

为了改善航空航天用铝合金的耐磨性能,尤其是保证在使用环境温度升高情况下铝合金的正常使用。本文在机械球磨涂层与基体之间扩散层形成原理的基础之上,设计三维立体状扩散层来增大涂层与基体之间结合性能;采用融合机械球磨、激光织构微孔和电沉积3种技术在铝合金表面制备贯穿式复合涂层,对复合涂层的力学和摩擦学性能进行测试分析。结果表明,电沉积Ni涂层完全覆盖了机械球磨涂层的织构表面,经过热处理后机械球磨涂层和电沉积涂层显微硬度分别约为285和165 HV,并且铝合金基体、机械球磨涂层和电沉积涂层3者界面处形成了三维立体结构扩散层。铝合金在室温情况下摩擦学性能表现正常,但在300℃下出现失效现象。针对4种复合涂层,室温下N150复合涂层的摩擦因数最低(约为0.7);300℃下N100、N150、N200复合涂层摩擦因数约为0.5。两种温度环境下4种样品的磨损率分布在(0.9～1.6)×10^-3mm³/(N·m),N100和N150复合涂层性能表现略好。采用该方法制备的贯穿式复合涂层在室温和300℃环境下有效的保护了铝合金基体,拓宽了铝合金的适用范围。     

B/L湍流模型在强压力梯度流场计算中的应用

对在湍流计算中已得到广泛应用的Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ／Ｌｏｍａｘ（Ｂ／Ｌ）代数湍流模型进行了修正。修正后的Ｂ／Ｌ模型考虑了压力梯度及物面引射速度对内层ＶａｎＤｒｉｅｓｔ衰减因子的影响。与此同时,文中还用修正的Ｂ／Ｌ湍流模型对亚声平板附面层流动、拉伐尔喷管内的正激波／湍流附面层干扰流动进行了计算。计算与实验结果比较表明,修正后的Ｂ／Ｌ模型不仅可以更准确地计算具有强压力梯度的激波／附面层干扰区内流动压力分布,而且还可以准确地预报激波／附面层干扰引起的流动分离,从而为Ｂ／Ｌ模型的工程应用开拓了领域。     

战术导弹零升阻力雷诺数效应及修正方法

叙述了雷诺数对战术导弹零升阻力的影响,并给出了适合战术导弹的零升阻力系数雷诺数效应修正方法,即变雷诺数试验外推修正方法及工程计算方法。修正结果表明,修正方法是可行的,变雷诺数试验外推法得到的修正量比工程计算得到的修正量更为合理,对于外形简单的战术导弹工程计算仍有较好的精确度。     

横流不稳定性实验中转捩阶段的进一步观察

对后掠平板用可控的人工激励激发基频与二次不稳定性,研究层流后掠机翼流动导致最后转捩的过程.实验中发现有两个高频二次不稳定模态出现.其中一个为最大放大率的模态,位于垂直于壁面的速度型的拐点处,属于拐点不稳定性.另一个模态位于附面层的三分之一处.高频二次不稳定模态的增长比基频及其谐波要大的多,但与后者类似具有饱和阶段的出现.高频二次不稳定模态对最后转捩的影响主要体现在与其他扰动的相互作用,并导致出现紊流状态宽带频谱.     

非定常同向激波边界层干扰的实验和数值模拟

运动激波在波前同向气流中传播时与壁面附近边界层发生的相互作用,既不同于定常的激波边界层干扰,也与普通激波管中端壁反射激波与边界层的作用有很大差异。通过实验和数值模拟对这一问题进行研究表明,激波与边界层作用后,波面在壁面附近发生了明显弯曲,且触及壁面;弯曲的激波与壁面进一步作用后发生反射,由于波前气流速度不同,这种反射存在规则反射和马赫反射两种类型;由于激波反射,波后壁面附近形成了一个高压区;激波与边界层作用后,波后边界层内出现了一系列高低压区相间的流场结构。