A balloon-borne very long baseline interferometry experiment in the stratosphere: Systems design and developments

The balloon-borne very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) experiment is a technical feasibility study for performing radio interferometry in the stratosphere. The flight model has been developed. A balloon-borne VLBI station will be launched to establish interferometric fringes with ground-based VLBI stations distributed over the Japanese islands at an observing frequency of approximately 20?GHz as the first step. This paper describes the system design and development of a series of observing instruments and bus systems. In addition to the advantages of avoiding the atmospheric effects of absorption and fluctuation in high frequency radio observation, the mobility of a station can improve the sampling coverage (“uv-coverage”) by increasing the number of baselines by the number of ground-based counterparts for each observation day. This benefit cannot be obtained with conventional arrays that solely comprise ground-based stations. The balloon-borne VLBI can contribute to a future progress of research fields such as black holes by direct imaging.     

Relativistic astrophysics explorer

The great success of the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) has shown that X-ray timing is an excellent tool for the study of strong gravitational fields and the measurement of fundamental physical properties of black holes and neutron stars. Here, we describe a next-generation X-ray timing mission, the Relativistic Astrophysics Explorer (RAE), designed to fit within the envelope of a medium-sized mission. The instruments will be a narrow-field X-ray detector array with an area of 6 m² equal to 10 times that of RXTE and a wide-field X-ray monitor. We describe the science made possible with this mission, the design of the instruments, and results on prototype large-area X-ray detectors.     

带抑涡支孔结构新型气膜孔的实验研究

采用稳态液晶测温法对基准孔和3个在计算中有较好冷却效率的带抑涡支孔结构新型气膜孔进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:新型气膜孔的抑涡支孔对主气膜孔起到了保护作用,使新型孔在不同吹风比下的冷却效率要高于普通基准孔,特别是在高吹风比的情况下,这种现象更加明显。在低吹风比情况下,三种不同结构新型孔的冷却效率差别不大;而在高吹风比时,支孔与主孔平行孔型和支孔在主孔下游孔型要高于支孔在主孔上游的孔型,该现象随着吹风比增加会愈加明显。     

合成射流大攻角非对称涡控制的试验研究

利用合成射流对细长旋成体大攻角非对称涡控制进行了研究,基于合成射流激励器设计了一频率高达1kHz的非定常小扰动控制机构,并将其成功应用于大攻角非对称涡主动流动控制。应用天平测力和七孔探针流场测试技术,研究了合成射流非定常小扰动电压和频率对非对称涡的控制特性和规律。结果表明,采用合成射流能够完全消除背涡的非对称性,扰动频率是影响非对称涡控制的一个关键参数,高频扰动下模型背风区非对称涡结构趋于无控制流态。且文中结果发现,当攻角α=57.5°、非定常小扰动频率fs=150Hz时,即可将非对称涡完全控制成为对称涡。     

涡轮叶片内部沿周边分布的竹节孔换热特性

根据发动机涡轮叶片内部沿周边分布的竹节孔冷却通道结构建立了简化的传热分析模型.首先通过无量纲分析得到了竹节孔的平均努塞尔数不仅与雷诺数和普朗特数有关,还与"竹节"形状、通道外壁形状以及流体和固体的导热系数比等参数有关.然后,对雷诺数和冷却通道几何参数对竹节孔平均努塞尔数的影响进行了数值模拟研究,计算并对比了上述参数对平均努塞尔数的影响规律,结果表明:①"竹节"结构使平均努塞尔数显著增大,而通道外壁形状主要影响了局部热流密度和局部努塞尔数的分布情况;②随着"竹节"的节高/孔径比的增加,平均努塞尔数单调增大,阻力系数也随之增大;③可通过增大雷诺数和优化节距/节高比来提高竹节孔的平均努塞尔数,计算表明最佳节距/节高比约为10.      

多斜孔冷却火焰筒燃烧性能试验研究

为了保证高温升燃烧室火焰筒壁温,进行了多斜孔冷却火焰筒燃烧性能试验.通过对多斜孔冷却火焰筒和常规气膜冷却火焰筒的试验对比,研究了多斜孔冷却火焰筒的燃烧性能.研究结果表明:与常规气膜冷却火焰筒相比,多斜孔冷却火焰筒具有冷却空气量少、火焰筒壁温低和温度梯度小等优点;采用了多斜孔冷却方式的火焰筒,其温度场、燃烧效率、火焰筒壁温和慢车贫油熄火油气特性等燃烧性能均达到或超过了常规气膜冷却火焰筒的水平.     

Coronal Hole Boundaries and their Interactions with Adjacent Regions

Coronal hole boundaries are the interfaces between regions where the coronal magnetic field contains a significant component which is open into the heliosphere and regions where the field is primarily closed. It is pointed out that there are constraints on the magnetic field which opens into the heliosphere that must be satisfied in the corona: it must come into pressure equilibrium in the high corona, and the component of the field which connects to the polar regions of the Sun must differentially rotate. A model is presented in which satisfying these constraints determines which field lines are open and which are closed, and thus where the polar coronal hole boundaries occur. Some of the consequences of this model are discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

带60°肋和气膜孔矩形通道换热研究

采用非结构化网格和realizable k-ε紊流模型,求解三维N-S方程,对带60°肋和气膜孔矩形通道在入口雷诺数9×104,气膜孔总出流比为0.22时进行了换热特性的数值模拟.带气膜孔的壁面换热特性和实验数据吻合的很好,在此基础上,分析了其它各个壁面的换热特性.结果表明,带肋和气膜孔的通道流场非常复杂,扰流肋的存在使各壁面的换热都得到了增强,但增强幅度的差别较大.换热最强的区域并不是带肋的上下壁面,而是光滑的右侧壁面.     

考虑冷气掺混的涡轮气动性能数值研究

采用数值求解雷诺平均N-S方程的方法,数值模拟了带冷气掺混的涡轮内部全三维黏性流场,研究了冷气掺混对涡轮流动损失和气动性能的影响。数值计算结果表明,对于具有单排孔冷气入射的气膜冷却情况,当入射角是30°时,随着冷气流量增加,流动损失减小;而对于多排气膜孔冷气入射,各排气膜孔冷气之间的干扰是引起流动损失的主要原因,对不同位置冷气流量的优化选择,可以明显减小前后排冷气的掺混损失。为了降低冷气掺混的流动损失,基于数值实验的结果,本文首次引入了叶片表面气膜孔沿径向交错排列结构。     

圆直管中离散孔超声速气膜冷却实验

以圆直管中的超声速高温燃气为主流,以常温氮气为气膜介质,用实验的方法研究了离散孔超声速气膜冷却规律,主流马赫数为2,射流马赫数分别为1,2,3.结果表明:射流流量是影响离散孔气膜冷却效果的最主要因素,提高吹风比或者增大孔径,都能显著提高气膜冷却效率;在实验工况下,冷却效率与吹风比和孔径的关系可以总结成实验关联式;射流喉部直径相同、流量相同情况下,射流马赫数对气膜冷却效果影响不大;在气膜孔附近,入射角为30°的射流比切向入射时的冷却效果差,在下流远离气膜孔位置,入射角为30°的射流冷却效果优于切向入射时.