大型客机后缘襟翼滑轨整流罩气动外形设计方法

大型客机后缘襟翼机构伸出机翼下表面会带来气动损失,必须设计相应整流罩。整流罩的外形尺寸对气动力影响较大,会直接影响飞机的气动特性。设计整流罩时应该遵循整流罩外形设计要求,使其引起的高速巡航阻力尽可能小。在查阅相关文献、对比研究大量整流罩图片、分析研究计算机辅助设计(CAD)中NURBS曲面曲线描述方法的基础上,建立了一套详细的大型客机后缘襟翼滑轨整流罩外形设计方法,该方法在满足整流罩包裹住机构、减小气动损失等基本要求的同时,缩短了整流罩设计周期。     

On the effect of considering more realistic particle shape and mass parameters in MMOD risk assessments

One of the primary mission risks tracked in the development of all spacecraft is that due to micro-meteoroids and orbital debris (MMOD). Both types of particles, especially those larger than 0.1 mm in diameter, contain sufficient kinetic energy due to their combined mass and velocities to cause serious damage to crew members and spacecraft. The process used to assess MMOD risk consists of three elements: environment, damage prediction, and damage tolerance. Orbital debris risk assessments for the Orion vehicle, as well as the Shuttle, Space Station and other satellites use ballistic limit equations (BLEs) that have been developed using high speed impact test data and results from numerical simulations that have used spherical projectiles. However, spheres are not expected to be a common shape for orbital debris; rather, orbital debris fragments might be better represented by other regular or irregular solids. In this paper we examine the general construction of NASA’s current orbital debris (OD) model, explore the potential variations in orbital debris mass and shape that are possible when using particle characteristic length to define particle size (instead of assuming spherical particles), and, considering specifically the Orion vehicle, perform an orbital debris risk sensitivity study taking into account variations in particle mass and shape as noted above. While the results of the work performed for this study are preliminary, they do show that continuing to use aluminum spheres in spacecraft risk assessments could result in an over-design of its MMOD protection systems. In such a case, the spacecraft could be heavier than needed, could cost more than needed, and could cost more to put into orbit than needed. The results obtained in this study also show the need to incorporate effects of mass and shape in mission risk assessment prior to first flight of any spacecraft as well as the need to continue to develop/refine BLEs so that they more accurately reflect the shape and material density variations inherent to the actual debris environment.     

Investigation on Thermal and Dimensional Stability of Epoxy Resin In-Situ Modified by Cyanate Ester Resin and Polydimethylsiloxane

The thermal and dimensional stability of epoxy resin (EP) in-situ modified by cyanate ester (CE) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are investigated by means of experiments and numerical simulation. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) are used to analyze the heat resistance of the modified EP. The dimensional stability is characterized by the volume shrinkage of the series PDMS/CE/EP obtained by the density method. The chemical structure of the PDMS/CE/EP is analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of TGA and DSC indicate that the thermal stability of PDMS/CE/EP decreases firstly and then increases with the increase in the amount of CE. The addition of PDMS shows a slight effect on the thermal stability. The 40% CE makes the blending system exhibit the lowest initial decomposition temperature, which reduces by 15.5% and 40.8% compared with pure EP and CE, respectively. The FTIR results suggested that the influence of CE on the thermal stability of the modified EP is mainly ascribed to the generation of oxazolidinone ring with low thermal stability and the increase in the triazine ring with high thermal stability. The volume shrinkage measurement results show that the introduction of CE and PDMS are both beneficial to the improvement of the dimensional stability of the blending systems. The in-situ addition of 80% CE shows the lowest volume shrinkage of 6.11%. The thermal stress distribution of PDMS/CE/EP generated during the solidification process is simulated by the finite element analysis. The results suggested that the introduction of 80% CE into EP results in the lowest thermal stress in the blending system, which indicates that the system has the lowest volume shrinkage, which agrees well with the experimental results.     

High-precision shape approximation low-thrust trajectory optimization method satisfying bi-objective index

The shape approximation method has been proven to be rapid and practicable in resolving low-thrust trajectory; however, it still faces the challenges of large deviation from the optimal solution and inability to satisfy the specific flight time and fuel mass constraints. In this paper, a modified shape approximation low-thrust model is presented, and a novel constrained optimization algorithm is developed to solve this problem. The proposed method aims at settling the bi-objective optimization o...     

Multi-station observation of ionospheric disturbance of March 9 2012 and comparison with IRI-model

The magnetic storm of 9 March 2012 is a single step intense storm (Dst = −143 nT) whose main phase begins around 0100 UT and lasted for almost 11 h. The increases in NmF2 recorded 33% and 67% incidence respectively during the main and the recovery phase of the storm at the stations considered. The increase in hmF2 occurred concurrently with the increase in thickness parameter B0 between 0000 and 1100 UT, and a simultaneous decrease in the shape parameter B1 for the entire mid-latitude stations. Generally, B1 responded to the storm with a decrease away from the quiet day average, and decreased simultaneously with the increase in NmF2. B0 displays higher variability magnitude during daytime than the nighttime period. The occasional differences in the response of the ionospheric parameters to the storm event are attributed to longitudinal differences. Variation in hmF2 and NmF2 is projected to change in B1, but the rationale behind this effect on B1 is still not known and therefore left open. The two IRI options over-estimate the observed values with that of URSI higher than CCIR. The over-estimation was higher during the nighttime than the daytime for NmF2 response for the mid-latitude stations and the reverse for the equatorial station. A fairer fit of the model with the observed for all parameters over Jicamarca suggests that equatorial regions are better represented on the model. Extensive study of B1 and B0 is recommended to arrive at a better performance of IRI.     

PP/PET/EPDM-g-GMA合金ESEM形貌和力学性能的研究

在聚丙烯(PP)中加入10%～40%质量份数的聚对苯二甲酸乙二脂(PET)、反应增容剂三元乙丙橡胶接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(EPDM-g-GMA)及成核剂对PP进行共混改性。首次对PP/PET、PP/PET/EPDM-g-GMA合金形貌进行定量分析,并通过图像处理软件求得共混物分散相平均弦长L1、连续相平均弦长L2、分散相投影面直径平均值dp、分散相粒径分布宽度σ等结构信息。扫描电镜照片和定量数据表明:PP/PET是典型的不相容体系,加入EPDM-g-GMA后,两相相容性提高,进一步加入成核剂苯甲酸钠后,分散相尺寸更小粒径分布更均匀。力学性能分析表明:PP/PET体系的缺口冲击强度随PET含量的增加而下降,加入的EPDM-g-GMA起到反应增容和橡胶增韧的协同效使韧性提高,进一步加入的成核剂苯甲酸钠有利于增韧。PP/PET体系的杨氏模量高于PP,加入EPDM-g-GMA后杨氏模量变化不大,进一步加入苯甲酸钠后杨氏模量提高。PP/PET的拉伸强度随PET含量的增加而下降,加入EPDM-g-GMA后与未增容体系基本一致,进一步加入苯甲酸钠后,拉伸强度有所提高但低于PP。反应增容体系的断裂伸长率大于未增容体系但远低于PP。     

基于等几何分析的板壳结构形状-拓扑协同优化

板壳结构轻量化设计是工程中的常见问题,采用有限元法对板壳结构进行拓扑优化时,难以获得高质量的网格以精准描述几何模型,且单独使用拓扑优化受制于初始设计空间。提出了一种基于等几何分析的形状-拓扑协同优化方法,该方法执行先形状优化、后拓扑优化的步骤,在最佳结构形状的基础上实现最佳材料布局的优化目标。相比于其他组合形式的优化机制,极大地提高了计算精度与计算效率。采用3个数值算例验证了本方法的有效性与高效性,结果表明,与经典等几何拓扑优化方法相比,可得到更高性能的优化结构,有助于进一步拓宽结构优化的应用范围。     

一种用NURBS表示的过渡曲面的生成方法

讨论在两参数曲面上生成显式定义的参数过渡曲面问题。提出了一种围绕两曲面的交线,采用参数化平面与曲面之一的等距面求交,寻找两曲面的等距点,以产生变半径过渡曲面的方法;过渡曲面本身为2次×3次NURBS曲面,充分利用了NURBS曲线可精确表示圆弧曲线的特点,并使得可用统一的算法对过渡曲面进行各种处理。     

热固性聚酰亚胺树脂基复合材料的增韧改性研究进展

热固性聚酰亚胺是目前有机材料体系中耐热性能最为优异的材料之一,以其制备的纤维增强复合材料在航空航天领域获得了大量的应用。但韧性性能不足限制了其在多个领域的进一步应用,因此高韧性聚酰亚胺复合材料逐渐成为近年来研究的热点。综述了热固性聚酰亚胺树脂基复合材料增韧改性方法的研究现状与发展趋势,涉及基于分子主链结构的增韧改性方法、热塑性聚合物共混增韧热固性聚酰亚胺、热塑性聚合物层间增韧改性聚酰亚胺复合材料等一系列方法。     

A fuzzy PID-controlled SMA actuator for a two-DOF joint

Shape memory alloy(SMA) actuator is a potential advanced component for servosystems of aerospace vehicles and aircraft. This paper presents a joint with two degrees of freedom(DOF) and a mobility range close to ±60 when driven by SMA triple wires. The fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative(PID)-controlled actuator drive was designed using antagonistic SMA triple wires, and the resistance feedback signal made a closed loop. Experiments showed that, with the driving responding frequency increasing, the overstress became harder to be avoided at the position under the maximum friction force. Furthermore, the hysteresis gap between the heating and cooling paths of the strain-to-resistance curve expanded under this condition. A fuzzy logic control was considered as a solution, and the curves of the wires were then modeled by fitting polynomials so that the measured resistance was used directly to determine the control signal. Accurate control was demonstrated through the step response, and the experimental results showed that under the fuzzy PID-control program, the mean absolute error(MAE) of the rotation angle was about 3.147. In addition, the investigation of the external interference to the system proved the controllable maximum output.