涡流发生器在二元亚音扩压器角落流动控制中的应用

本文介绍了在最佳扩压规律的二元单边凹壁亚音扩压壁面上气流接近于分离,而角落区域气流有倒流的情况下,采用适当结构参数的叶片式涡流发生器消除角落区域气流分离和改善扩压壁面流动以达到提高扩压器压力恢复系数,减小出口截面流场畸变和动态总压脉动的试验研究结果.文章分析了叶片式涡流发生器主要结构参数对扩压器性能的影响.     

Study on Inclusions in Large Sapphire Optical Crystal Grown by SAPMAC Method

The sapphire (Al2O3) single crystal is a kind of excellent infrared transmission window materials. A large-sized sapphire (Φ225 mm×205 mm, 27.5 kg) was grown by SAPMAC method (sapphire growth technique with micro-pulling and shoulder-expanding at cooled center). Several kinds of inclusion in the large sapphire crystal were investigated by means of an optical microscopy (OM), scan-ning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The experimental results show that most inclusions are consisted of solid metallic and non-metallic particles as well as gas pores caused by the impurity of alumina as the raw material, the thermal dissociation of aluminum oxide melt and the reaction of the melt to the crucible material (Mo) at high temperatures. It is also found that in different crystal regions the inclusions are of varied sizes, morphology and chemical compositions. Finally, the measures to reduce and eliminate the inclusions are proposed to improve the crystal quality.     

Flow characteristics around airfoils near transonic buffet onset conditions

In transonic flow, buffet is a phenomenon of flow instability caused by shock wave/boundary layer interaction and flow separation. The phenomenon is common in transonic flow, and it has serious impact on the structural strength and fatigue life of aircraft. In this paper, three typical airfoils: the supercritical OAT15A, the high-speed symmetrical NACA64A010, and the thin, transonic/supersonic NACA64A204 are selected as the research objects. The flow fields of these airfoils under pre-buffet and buffet onset conditions are simulated by Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) method, and the mode analysis of numerical results is carried out by Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the shock wave motion, shock wave intensity, shock foot bubble and trailing edge separation, and pressure coefficient fluctuation were performed to attain deep insight of transonic buffet flow features of different airfoils near buffet onset conditions. The results of DMD analysis show that the energy proportion of the steady mode of these airfoils decreases dramatically when approaching the buffet onset angle of attack, while the growth rate of the primary mode increases inversely. It was found that at the onset of buffet, there exist different degrees of merging behavior between shock foot bubble and trailing edge separation during one buffet cycle, and the instability of shock wave and separation induced shear layer are closely related to the merging behavior.     

Total electron content variations in equatorial anomaly region

Diurnal variations in the total electron content (TEC) at Makerere University (00°19′N, 32°40′E, Geo Dip −22°), Uganda, have been investigated using a NovAtel GSV400B GPS receiver for the year 2010. The highest TEC values occurred from 13h00 to 17h00 local time (LT) throughout the year, with the highest values being exhibited during equinoctial months. In addition, there was some correlation between this high TEC and the moderate storms that occurred in 2010. These high TEC values have been attributed to the solar EUV ionization coupled with the upward vertical ExB drift. Nighttime enhancements were also found to be seasonally dependant, attaining maximum values during equinoctial months. These results were also compared with modeled TEC values by the IRI-2007 model. The modeled values were in good agreement with the measured values except for these two points: (1) the model had a short-fall in predicting the nighttime enhancements; and (2) the model’s minimum TEC did not coincide with the measured minimum in most of the months. Observed TEC depletions were found to correlate with an increase in the S₄ index and have been identified as a manifestation of the plasma density depletions of the equatorial origin.     

不同进气状态对矩形大S弯扩压器流动特性的影响

通过亚音扩压器内壁面流谱图、有关截面的总压恢复分布图、速度矢量图以及各壁面沿程静压恢复系数分布分析对比了四种进气状态下矩形大Ｓ弯扩压器流动特性。试验表明不同进气状态对矩形大Ｓ弯扩压器性能有很大影响，其中均匀核心流进气条件下的流动代表了大Ｓ弯扩压器流动的一般特征，其出口平均总压恢复系数最高，周向总压畸变指数不大，旋流很弱。研究腹部或两侧进气道地面起飞进气状态下矩形大Ｓ弯扩压器的流动特性更具有实际意义。试验表明其出口平均总压恢复系数较低，周向总压畸变指数较大，旋流较强且很不规则。     

叶轮机械新流型探索雏议

从“流型”的角度, 对比飞行器空气动力学和叶轮机械气体动力学的发展历程, 认为叶轮机械内的流动仍在追求定常附体流型, 由于其流动及结构特性, 使得“有害”分离问题难以避免。本文提出应探索将外流领域内的定常脱体涡流型或下一代非定常脱体涡流型引入到叶轮机械的可能性与技术途径本文并综述了上述探索性研究的有关背景和现状, 以及所设想的基本途径和影响因素。      

三维激波／附面层相互作用的起始分离预测

给出了一种预测三维激盘／附面层相互作用诱导的流动起始分离的方法。研究结果表明：激波与附面层相互作用所诱导的二次流动是影响起始分离的重要因素。当来流相对马赫数大于１．５时，强的激波／附面层相互作用可能导致跨音风扇转子叶尖区域的流动分离。     

水下冲击波聚焦作用下空化效应的实验研究

冲击波聚焦在聚焦区域形成局部较高压力的同时还会在焦区产生空化效应。基于旋转椭球面反射罩及置于其焦点的水中脉冲放电声源建立了水下冲击波聚焦系统。通过压力传感器测量了反射罩轴向的压力历程曲线及峰值压力分布。同时,搭建了高速摄影所需的光学装置,拍摄了空化现象的高速摄影图片,对水下冲击波聚焦过程和空化汽泡的产生、发展及湮灭的整个过程进行了研究。对压力历程曲线和高速摄影所得结果进行对比分析得到空化现象产生的物理过程。实验结果表明：负压是空化现象发生的主要原因,空化汽泡的塌缩时间与汽泡半径存在线性关系,并且汽泡膨胀阶段持续的时间大于塌缩阶段持续的时间。     

The Composition of Cosmic Rays and the Mixing of the Interstellar Medium

The differences between the composition of Galactic cosmic rays and that of the interstellar medium are manifold, and they contain a wealth of information about the varying processes that created them. These differences reveal much about the initial mixing of freshly synthesized matter, the chemistry and differentiation of the interstellar medium, and the mechanisms and environment of ion injection and acceleration. Here we briefly explore these processes and show how they combine to create the peculiar, but potentially universal, composition of the cosmic rays and how measurements of the composition can provide a unique measure of the mixing ratio of the fresh supernova ejecta and the old interstellar medium in this initial phase of interstellar mixing. In particular, we show that the major abundance differences between the cosmic rays and the average interstellar medium can all result from cosmic ray ion injection by sputtering and scattering from fast refractory oxide grains in a mix of fresh supernova ejecta and old interstellar material. Since the bulk of the Galactic supernovae occur in the cores of superbubbles, the bulk of the cosmic rays are accelerated there out of such a mix. We show that the major abundance differences all imply a mixing ratio of the total masses of fresh supernova ejecta and old interstellar material in such cores is roughly 1 to 4. That means that the metallicity of ∼3 times solar, since the ejecta has a metallicity of ∼8 times that of the present interstellar medium.     

扰动来流下声控机翼分离流动的研究

本文介绍在扰动来流下声控机翼流动的试验装置、低速大攻角时的声控效果以及附面层中流动参数的变化规律,并由此得出：随着来流湍流度的增加,因声激励而产生的附面层中大尺度有序结构涡（ＬＳＯＳＶ）的脉动速度幅值Ｖｌ、湍流度增量ｕ′ａ／Ｕ∞以及升力系数增益△ＣＬ均将迅速减小,而激励声压级有效阈值ＳＰＬｅｆｆ则随之逐渐增大。周期性脉动来流在沿机翼附面层流动中急剧衰减,并对机翼分离流动（包括有或无声控）基本上没有什么影响。