Aerodynamic design optimization of helicopter rotor blades including airfoil shape for hover performance

This study proposes a process to obtain an optimal helicopter rotor blade shape for aerodynamic performance in hover flight. A new geometry representation algorithm which uses the class function/shape function transformation (CST) is employed to generate airfoil coordinates. With this approach, airfoil shape is considered in terms of design variables. The optimization process is constructed by integrating several programs developed by author. The design variables include twist, taper ratio, point of taper initiation, blade root chord, and coefficients of the airfoil distribution function. Aerodynamic constraints consist of limits on power available in hover and forward flight. The trim condition must be attainable. This paper considers rotor blade configuration for the hover flight condition only, so that the required power in hover is chosen as the objective function of the optimization problem. Sensitivity analysis of each design variable shows that airfoil shape has an important role in rotor performance. The optimum rotor blade reduces the required hover power by 7.4% and increases the figure of merit by 6.5%, which is a good improvement for rotor blade design.     

超高速转子系统动力学特性(II):碰摩转子

为排查超高速转子系统碰摩故障的原因,利用混沌、分岔理论,研究了碰摩转子动力学特性。以实际转子结构为对象,建立物理模型,由拉格朗日(Lagrange)法建立系统动力学方程并数值求解,结合分岔图、轴心轨迹、相图、Poincare映射等手段,考察了碰摩转子的动力学行为及系统参数变化对其动力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:质量盘之间的动力耦合效应较弱,有利于系统稳定性;既定转子结构不致引起高速混沌状态进而导致碰摩。研究内容为探求故障原因提供了依据,所涉及的故障分析方法和过程可作为系列化微型涡喷发动机设计的参考。     

圆弧端齿联轴器定位机理研究

为了获得圆弧端齿联轴器定位精度设计和评估方法,对圆弧端齿联轴器定位机理进行了理论研究。阐述了圆弧端齿联轴器采用的弹性平均定位法及其定位原理,分析了常见的弹性平均结构设计误区,指出了影响弹性平均定位效果的关键因素。通过对圆弧端齿齿面受力分析,揭示了齿面结构参数对定心效果的影响机理,提出了齿面结构参数满足定心要求的必要条件,并根据圆弧端齿联轴器结构特点,构建了定位结构超静定系统力学模型。利用超静定系统平衡方程,结合变形协调条件,推导了圆弧端齿联轴器轴向偏差和同心偏差计算方法,并给出了定位偏差计算算例。结果表明,装配力和弹性补偿是弹性平均定位的关键要素,定位结构应保证接触面在装配力的作用下可以产生有效弹性补偿;联轴器轴向偏差和同心偏差受单齿刚度影响,随着刚度弱化的相邻齿数增加,轴向偏差变化率有逐渐增大趋势。     

高低压转子间耦合影响的分析和计算

研究了转子耦合对高、低压转子稳定性的影响。采用一种新的快速收敛方法,利用畸变传递修正系数,通过调整压比来满足各子压气机出口静压相等的对耦合的影响进行了定量计算。结果表明,在估算发动机喘振部件时,高、低压转子间耦合的影响也是应该考虑的重要因素。     

直升机飞行/推进系统综合模型的建立

利用递阶,分散的控制思想,将直升机对象划分为三个具有独立功能,便于建模的子系统,即直升机,旋翼,发动机子系统,再在各子系统模型基础上根据各子系统间的耦合关系,建立了整个系统的模型。其中四片铰接式旋翼模型起着纽带作用,只有充分考虑机体／旋翼及发动机／旋翼间耦合关系才能建立直升机飞行／推进综合模型,仿真结果证明了建模方法的有效性,为直升机飞行／推进综合控制系统的建立奠定了基础。     

大小叶片轴流压气机转子流动特性分析

采用全三维粘性数值模拟手段，通过与按常规设计转子对比的方法，分析研究了大小叶片轴流压气机转子流动特性，分析结果表明，大小叶片转子流场在叶根亚声速区的流通能力增强，在叶尖跨声速区可以产生更加有利的激波体系，小叶片可以有效地控制叶栅槽道中气流扩散，在较高负荷和相同喘振裕度的条件下，大小叶片转子可以比按常规设计的转子在更高的压比，效率和流量下工作。     

Panel/full-span free-wake coupled method for unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blade

A full-span free-wake method is coupled with an unsteady panel method to accurately predict the unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blades in hover and forward flight. The unsteady potential-based panel method is used to consider aerodynamics of finite thickness multi-bladed rotors, and the full-span free-wake method is applied to simulating dynamics of rotor wake. These methods are tightly coupled through trailing-edge Kutta condition and by converting doublet-wake panels to full-span vortex filaments. A velocity-field integration technique is also adopted to overcome singularity problem during the interaction between the rotor wake and blades. Helicopter rotors including Caradonna-Tung, UH-60A, and AH-1G rotors, are simulated in hover and forward flight to validate the accuracy of this approach. The predicted aerodynamic loads of rotor blades agree well with available measured data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results, and the unsteady dynamics of rotor wake is also well simulated. Compared to CFD, the present method obtains accurate results more efficiently and is suitable to rotorcraft aeroelastic analysis.     

叶根缘板过渡处特征模拟件双轴弯曲振动疲劳试验研究

摘要：针对转子叶片叶根缘板过渡处高应力比弯曲振动疲劳问题,采用转子叶片结构细节刻画方法设计了特征模拟件,实现了对叶根缘板过渡特征的几何刻画和应力分布模拟。基于模态差异化方法,设计了试验夹具及调频质量块。搭建了模拟件双轴弯曲振动试验系统,试验过程中试样处于高频弯曲振动状态下（>1kHz）,测得的试样考核点弯曲应变幅稳定,所搭建试验系统实现了轴向拉伸-高频弯曲振动的转子叶片典型双轴载荷施加。试样宏观断裂位置与有限元计算最大应力点一致,对断口进行了宏/微观分析确定了试样断口疲劳源与裂纹扩展特征,证明采用结构细节刻画方法进行试样设计的合理性及所搭建试验加载系统可行性。     

风扇转子的气动优化设计研究

风扇转子气动优化设计是结合CFD、遗传算法和风扇特性的跨学科自动设计方法,这种设计较少依赖经验,能实现多目标和多设计参数组合的优化设计。先研究了四个关键技术：具有耗时少、计算较准确的叶片通道流场数值计算方法;具有良好寻优能力的数值最优化方法;三维叶片造型的参数化方法;以气动性能为目标的多目标函数构建方法。再将上述四个关键技术模块整合,构建简易的气动优化设计软件。三维叶片优化算例证明了该软件的设计能力,其设计结果较满意、设计效率较高、设计周期短。     

Effects of swirl brake axial arrangement on the leakage performance and rotor stability of labyrinth seals

Swirl brakes are usually introduced at the seal entrance in industry to improve the seal stability, especially for labyrinth seals suffering low seal clearance and high inlet preswirl ratio. However, how to arrange swirl brakes at the seal entrance to obtain better seal stability retains unknown, such as the axial distance between the brake trailing edge and the first tooth. To this end, the effects of the distance between brakes and the first tooth on the leakage flow rate and seal rotordynamic coefficients were numerically investigated at typical inlet preswirl ratios of 0.45 and 0.8, and the predicted results were in comparison with the results for no-brake configuration. The obtained results disclose that the brake configuration arranged against the first tooth produces lower circumferential velocity in the downstream of the brakes as a result of the larger counter-clockwise vortex moving from the brake trailing edge to the brake leading edge when compared to the brake configuration away from the first tooth. Besides, the dropped circumferential velocity in the downstream of brakes will cause larger pressure fluctuation in the circumferential direction and thus generates larger tangential force to restrain the rotor forward whirl. On the other hand, the effective damping is further increased when the distance between brakes and the first tooth decreases to zero, that is, the crossover frequency is even disappeared at the inlet preswirl ratio of 0.45 and successfully drops from 69.9 Hz to 32.7 Hz at the preswirl ratio of 0.8.