国产HTPB复合推进剂裂纹扩展特性的实验研究

依据Ｓｃｈａｐｅｒｙ Ｒ Ａ＾（１）的粘弹性断裂理论，对国产ＨＴＰＢ复合推进剂进行了Ｉ型裂纹扩展实验。分析了裂纹扩展的特性，表明裂纹扩展开始时存在临界应力强度因子ＫＩｃ。得出该型推进剂裂扩展速率ｄａ／ｄｔ与应力强度因子Ｋ１间的幂函数关系式。讨论了该推进剂材料断裂能Г与裂纹扩展速率的关系。     

飞机典型结构──含有裂纹的加筋板应力强度因子计算

本文应用复变应力函数和分区变分原理,提出了确定型材和板有裂纹的加筋板应力强度因子的计算方法,并以实例叙述了方法的应用,给出了应力强度因子的计算公式及在某一特定的结构参数下其应力强度因子随裂纹长度变化的曲线。     

三维广布裂纹应力强度因子求解

 针对飞机结构表面由于腐蚀、疲劳等原因存在三维广布裂纹,相邻裂纹在疲劳载荷作用下相互影响、相互促进,从而加速了结构破坏。为了定量描述相邻裂纹间的影响规律,采用参数化有限元方法,结合1/4节点位移方法和循环迭代算法,对一有限厚矩形板表面有两个半椭圆表面裂纹在拉伸载荷作用下进行了求解,得到两裂纹在共面、中心叠加平行和斜平行3种位置状态时的应力强度因子和应力变化图,计算结果为含三维广布裂纹飞机结构的剩余强度和疲劳寿命确定提供了理论依据。     

腐蚀系数对化铣表面长裂纹扩展影响的定量分析

承受拉伸载荷的试件在化学铣切圆角的根部应力集中,最易产生表面裂纹.本文给定化铣表面初始裂纹的长度,假设其形状为半圆,采用有限元法完成不同腐蚀系数下的长裂纹前沿不同计算点的多个应力强度因子分析;并用Forman扩展率公式计算给定应力比时长裂纹的扩展长度和形状.研究发现,长裂纹前沿应力强度因子表面大内部小;随着循环载荷周次的增加,圆形裂纹有向椭圆裂纹发展的趋势,采用线性回归方法得到不同腐蚀系数下椭圆长短半径比按二次曲线关系随长裂纹扩展寿命变化,直至裂纹进入失稳扩展阶段.     

雷诺数对涡轮叶尖流场影响的数值研究

采用基于压力修正的三维计算流体力学程序，结合雷诺应力湍流模型和剪切应力传输湍流模型加壁面函数的方法，对某一轴流涡轮转子叶尖间隙流场进行了数值计算研究，详细计算了不同涡轮叶尖间隙高度和来流湍流度条件下雷诺数对涡轮转子间隙流场的影响，最后计算了转子效率。结果表明：当泄漏流流经叶尖时因为叶尖剪切力做功有块总压增大区；雷诺数带来的影响比湍流度和叶尖间隙高度带来的影响要大，湍流度的变化对流场影响不大；雷诺数对泄漏涡尺寸的影响不大，但低雷诺数会引起流动分离，带来损失，当雷诺数在文中的范围内变化时，效率下降近八个百分点。     

D300mm×3420mm圆管内旋转流流场的LDV实验测量

利用激光多普勒测速仪（LDV）对直径D300mm×3420mm圆管内的旋转流场进行了实验测量,重点测量切向速度与轴向速度的分布以及湍流强度分布。测量结果表明圆管内的旋转流是Rankine涡结构形态,旋转流强度沿轴向存在着明显的衰减特性,且最大切向速度的径向位置沿轴向逐渐向内移动,即由上游的刚性涡逐渐向下游的准自由涡和刚性涡组合过渡;轴向速度的分布存在着很大的不均匀性,在r=0．5R区域存在一个轴向速度的低速区,甚至出现上行,但在轴向位置z〉10R后轴向速度全部向下,并向均匀分布发展;圆管内的切向湍流强度比轴向湍流强度大一倍,两者的湍流强度在准自由涡区径向分布比较平均,中心刚性涡区域的湍流强度比较高,而且随轴向位置的变化衰减不明显。     

坝陵河大桥桥位深切峡谷风剖面实测研究

用相控阵声雷达风廓线仪对坝陵河大桥桥址处深切峡谷中风剖面进行了实地观测,结果表明：在地形复杂的山区深切峡谷中,平均风剖面受峡谷地形影响较大,形态有时显得较为复杂而不规则,呈现锯齿形、正切变形或逆切变形等多样化。在峡谷的上半部,平均风速较大时其剖面相对较为规则,但不符合规范中描述平坦地貌平均风速剖面的幂函数形式,而具有e指数函数的变化规律。此外,统计显示,风向角在低空范围内受峡谷地形的影响要比在高空范围内严重,其在低空范围的变化幅度也要比在高空范围的变化幅度大。风迎角的散布范围和绝对值大小均随高度的增加呈减小的趋势。观测得到的峡谷湍流度大于平坦地貌湍流度的规范推荐值,同时峡谷湍流度具有一定的随机性,并且这种随机性随高度的增加而变大。     

双向梯度复合材料裂纹尖端应力强度因子研究

为了进一步改善梯度复合材料力学分析及设计水平,推导了一种适用于双向梯度复合材料断裂特性分析的梯度扩展单元法(XFEM).采用细观力学方法描述材料沿梯度方向变化的力学属性,通过线性插值位移场给出了4节点梯度扩展单元随空间位置变化的刚度矩阵,建立了结构的连续梯度有限元模型,并采用交互能量积分计算得到了裂纹尖端的应力强度因子(SIF).通过与已有文献结果对比验证了梯度扩展单元的优越性,并讨论了双向梯度结构中相关参数对SIF的影响规律,得到结论:梯度扩展单元能够提高梯度材料中裂纹尖端SIF的计算精度,其计算结果随着网格密度的增加迅速收敛于精确解;双向梯度结构的组份分布形式和属性梯度能够明显影响裂纹尖端的SIF;对于多裂纹双向梯度结构,裂纹间的相互作用增大了裂纹尖端的SIF,弹性模量大的一侧SIF较大.     

Using land use change trajectories to quantify the effects of urbanization on urban heat island

This paper proposed a quantitative method of land use change trajectory, which means the succession among different land use types across time, to examine the effects of urbanization on an urban heat island (UHI). To accomplish this, multi-temporal images from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) of Xiamen City in China from 1987 to 2007 were selected. First, the land use change trajectories were extracted based on the classified images from different years. Then the land surface temperatures (LST) were retrieved and the magnitudes of the UHI were evaluated using the UHI intensity (UHII) indicator. Finally, the indices of the contribution to UHI intensity (CUHII) were constructed and calculated to quantify the effects of each land use change trajectory on the UHI during urbanization. The results demonstrated that the land use change trajectories and CUHII are effective and useful in quantifying the effects of urbanization on UHI. In Xiamen City, a total of 2218 land use change trajectories were identified and 530 of them were the existing urban or urbanization trajectories. The UHII presents a trend of continuous increase from 0.83 °C in 1987 to 2.14 °C in 2007. With respect to the effects of urban growth on UHI, the contribution of existing urban area to UHI decreased during urbanization. Prior to 2007, the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 had the most significant effect on UHI with the greatest CUHII, while the value has decreased from 55.00% in 1987 to 13.03% in 2007 because of the addition of new urbanized area. In 2007, the greatest CUHII was replaced by a trajectory from farmland to built-up area (NO. 22224) with the CUHII of 21.98%, followed by the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 with the CUHII of 13.03%. These results provide not only a new methodology to assess the environmental effects of urbanization, but also decision-supports for the planning and management of cities.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of unsymmetrical aerofoil at various turbulence intensities

A series of wind tunnel tests were performed to investigate the effect of turbulent inflows on the aerodynamic characteristics of the unsymmetrical airfoil at various turbulence intensities and Reynolds number. To assess the aerodynamic characteristics, surface pressure measurements were made over the unsymmetrical airfoil surface by using a simultaneous pressure scanner MPS4264 of Scanivalve make. Self-generated passive grids made of parallel arrays of round bars were placed at four different locations to generate various Turbulence Intensities (TI) in the wind tunnel. The location of the passive grid has been normalized in terms of considering the distance between the entry of the test section and the leading edge of the model. Based on the wind tunnel results, by comparing the baseline without grid low turbulence case TI = 0.51% with other turbulence generated cases like TI = 4.68%, 4.73%, 6.04% and 8.46% at different Reynolds number, it is found that the coefficient of lift increases with the increase in the turbulence intensity. Results also reveal that the flow featuring turbulence can effectively delay the stall characteristics of an airfoil by attaching the flow over the airfoil for an extended region. Additionally, attempts were made to understand the influence of turbulence on the aerodynamic hysteresis.