Earth observation from space – The issue of environmental sustainability

Remote sensing scientists work under assumptions that should not be taken for granted and should, therefore, be challenged. These assumptions include the following:1. Space, especially Low Earth Orbit (LEO), will always be available to governmental and commercial space entities that launch Earth remote sensing missions.2. Space launches are benign with respect to environmental impacts.3. Minimization of Type 1 error, which provides increased confidence in the experimental outcome, is the best way to assess the significance of environmental change.4. Large-area remote sensing investigations, i.e. national, continental, global studies, are best done from space.5. National space missions should trump international, cooperative space missions to ensure national control and distribution of the data products.At best, all of these points are arguable, and in some cases, they're wrong. Development of observational space systems that are compatible with sustainability principles should be a primary concern when Earth remote sensing space systems are envisioned, designed, and launched. The discussion is based on the hypothesis that reducing the environmental impacts of the data acquisition step, which is at the very beginning of the information stream leading to decision and action, will enhance coherence in the information stream and strengthen the capacity of measurement processes to meet their stated functional goal, i.e. sustainable management of Earth resources. We suggest that unconventional points of view should be adopted and when appropriate, remedial measures considered that could help to reduce the environmental footprint of space remote sensing and of Earth observation and monitoring systems in general. This article discusses these five assumptions in the context of sustainable management of Earth's resources. Taking each assumption in turn, we find the following:(1) Space debris may limit access to Low Earth Orbit over the next decades.(2) Relatively speaking, given that they're rare event, space launches may be benign, but study is merited on upper stratospheric and exospheric layers given the chemical activity associated with rocket combustion by-products.(3) Minimization of Type II error should be considered in situations where minimization of Type I error greatly hampers or precludes our ability to correct the environmental condition being studied.(4) In certain situations, airborne collects may be less expensive and more environmentally benign, and comparative studies should be done to determine which path is wisest.(5) International cooperation and data sharing will reduce instrument and launch costs and mission redundancy. Given fiscal concerns of most of the major space agencies – e.g. NASA, ESA, CNES – it seems prudent to combine resources.     

民航飞机放行评估实验教学方法研究

飞机放行评估是航空公司进行运行控制的一项重要内容,它直接决定了航空公司运行和服务的质量。文中通过对中国民航大学现有的教学资源和现用的教学方法进行介绍,并进一步提出改革建议,从而有助于更好地搭建实验平台,提高教学质量。     

基于支持向量机回归的电力负荷预测研究

不同于传统的基于经验风险最小化的回归方法,支持向量机回归方法基于结构风险最小化准则.与神经网络相比,该方法在解决学习精度和推广性之间的矛盾方面有明显的优势.本文以城市电力负荷预测为应用背景,对比研究了基于统计学习理论的支持向量机回归方法和神经网络方法.预测结果显示支持向量机可能是一种非常有前景的预测工具,其预测精度明显好于神经网络.     

基于对数正态分布第k试验寿命的分散系数法

针对发动机构件寿命试验评估中对寿命分散系数计算公式与不同取值的需求,本文导出了寿命符合对数正态分布、基于任意第k试验寿命分散系数计算公式。并给出置信度为0.95、可靠度为99.87%、母体对数正态标准差lσgN=0.13时的寿命分散系数。本文基于最差试件寿命的分散系数与已有文献一致,而基于最好试件寿命分散系数较已有文献更为合理;采用本文公式可得到任意给定置信度、可靠度、寿命分散条件下的寿命分散系数,可供工程上评估构件寿命时使用。      

同应力多危险部位轮盘寿命可靠性试验评估方法

讨论了轮盘寿命试验评估中基于威布尔分布和对数正态分布的寿命分散系数法。提出两种多危险部位轮盘寿命试验评估的改进分散系数估计法,并以某轮盘概率寿命评估为例说明了改进方法的应用。     

基于虚拟设计的民机驾驶舱工效布局评价

提出了一种基于虚拟设计的民机驾驶舱工效布局评价方法,并对某型民机驾驶舱进行了工效布局评价.将某型民机驾驶舱CATIA模型导入工效分析软件JACK并进行优化,创建了5%、50%和95%我国飞行员人体模型,进行了座椅、仪表板、遮光罩、方向舵踏板、操纵杆(盘)、中央控制台、顶部仪表板的布局评价.发现了布局设计中若干不符合工效特性的地方,并提出了改进建议.该方法可预先在虚拟设计中进行布局评价,节约了设计费用,提高了设计效率.     

基于目视间隔条件下的碰撞风险分析

为研究目视间隔条件下进近过程中前后两飞机的碰撞风险问题,通过Reich碰撞模型和碰撞风险模型,引入目视误差作为影响因素之一,建立基于目视间隔条件下的风险评估模型.从纵向、横向、垂向三个维度分析前后两飞机碰撞的概率,求得目视条件下进近两机碰撞的概率,以此作为风险分析的结果.计算结果表明,利用模型计算出的碰撞风险符合国际民航组织规定的航空器空中碰撞概率规定值.故而可证明,目视间隔和目视进近可作为一种安全的空中交通管制运行模式缩小安全间距,提高空域利用率,增加飞行流量.     

面向军用飞机任务能力的健康评估方法

军用飞机健康评估在工程实际中存在应用困难的问题。以军用飞机为研究对象,开展包括面向任务 的能力分析、基于故障劣化的功能分析以及参数化的健康评估等研究,得到基于任务分析的“飞机-任务功 能-影响参数暠两级映射作为健康评估的对象;综合利用劣化度、严酷度及极大熵改进区间层次分析法等多种 方法,得到飞机健康状态评估结果。结合具体实例及参数分析结果,表明该评估方法可信度高,具有较高的工 程实用价值。     

基于多源信息融合分析的 导弹贮存寿命评估方法

对于长期贮存的导弹,通常能获取的贮存信息仅为贮存期内的年检数据与少量的例行试验数据,贮存信息相对匮乏,对导弹贮存寿命与可靠性评估工作非常不利。为解决这种工程实践中存在的实际问题,发展了一种采用工程加速贮存与地面鉴定试验相结合的加速贮存信息获取方法,获取典型单机与简单系统贮存信息。将典型单机与非金属材料加速贮存信息与地面鉴定试验信息、现场贮存信息、贮存环境数据以及例行试验信息等数据信息融合处理,建立基于多源信息融合的贮存信息数据库。在此基础上,建立基于现场贮存信息与加速试验信息融合分析的导弹贮存寿命与可靠性评估方法,并给出导弹在现有贮存时间下,继续贮存一定年限的可靠度。     

发动机无失效数据可靠性评估研究

在定时截尾寿命试验特别是高可靠性、小子样试验中的无失效数据,引入了逆Weibull寿命分布函数,提出采用不完全Beta分布作为故障概率的先验分布,给出分布参数的最小二乘估计以及故障概率的Bayes估计和多层Bayes估计,从而得到可靠度的估计。最后针对实际问题进行了计算,结果表明Bayes估计稳定合理且容易计算,假定发动机寿命服从逆Weibull分布时的计算结果具有较高精度和较小的偏差。