Topology optimization of turbine disk considering maximum stress prediction and constraints

For the stress-constrained topology optimization of a turbine disk under centrifugal loads, the jagged boundaries of the mesh and the gray densities on the solid/void interfaces could make the calculated stress field inconsistent with the actual value. It may result in overestimating the maximum stress and thus affect the effectiveness of stress constraints. This paper proposes a new method for predicting the maximum stress to overcome the difficulty. In the process, a predicted density is newly defined to obtain stable boundaries with thin layers of gray elements, a transition factor is innovatively proposed to evaluate the effects of intermediate-density elements, two different stiffness penalty schemes are flexibly used to calculate the elastic modulus of elements, and a linear stress penalty is further adopted to relax the stress field of the structure. The proposed approach for predicting the maximum stress value is verified by the analysis of a structure with smooth boundaries and the topology optimization of a turbine disk. An updating scheme of the stress constraint in the topology optimization is also developed using the predicted maximum stress. Some key ingredients affecting the optimization results are discussed in detail. The results prove the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed maximum stress prediction and developed stress constraint methods.     

Model predictive control for close-proximity maneuvering of spacecraft with adaptive convexification of collision avoidance constraints

This study investigated model predictive control (MPC) for close-proximity maneuvering of spacecraft. It is essential for a designed MPC to effectively handle collision avoidance between the servicer spacecraft and the client spacecraft, especially while the client is rotating. The rotating motion of the client leads to dynamic changes in the collision avoidance constraints, which increases the difficulty of optimizing the control input in the MPC framework. Therefore, this study presents a method to improve the performance and computational efficiency of MPC for rendezvous and docking with a nonrotating or rotating client. An ellipsoid is adopted to model the client’s keep-out zone (KOZ). Given the spherical KOZ of the servicer, an expanded ellipsoid is introduced to describe the KOZ for the center of mass of the servicer and modeled as a nonlinear constraint. The linearization method for reference points located at the expanded ellipsoid is adopted to convexify the nonlinear constraints. The reference points are adaptively determined according to the positions of the servicer, client, and expanded ellipsoidal KOZ. The resulting hyperplanes are then used to describe the collision avoidance constraints. By utilizing the aforementioned strategies, combined with the calculated reference points, an adaptive convex programming algorithm suitable for real-time implementation of MPC is derived. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated through numerical simulations.     

状态/输入约束下飞-推一体化的保性能安全控制

基于飞行-推力一体化思想提出了一种针对搭载超燃冲压发动机的吸气式高超声速飞行器速度通道的状态/输入约束自适应鲁棒保性能安全控制方案。首先根据超燃冲压发动机的机理分析与计算流体动力模型数据，建立了安全子系统与性能子系统面向控制的仿射非线性模型。之后基于障碍Lyapunov理论与动态面设计方法设计了一套安全子系统状态约束控制器，从理论上保证了飞行器在跟踪指令的全过程中，发动机相关状态不会触碰安全边界，并结合自适应技术与辅助系统提高了该控制系统的鲁棒性。针对性能子系统设计了一套鲁棒自抗扰控制器，达到“保证安全的前提下不折损性能”的目的。仿真结果表明所设计的控制系统可以在保障安全的同时达到预想的性能，并显著放宽了超燃冲压发动机对飞行器飞行姿态的约束，保证了高超声速飞行器的机动灵活性。     

大气层内固体火箭多约束鲁棒三维能量管理制导

针对固体运载火箭大范围精确调节终端约束的要求，提出一种新型的大气层内鲁棒三维能量管理制导方法，通过在线规划侧向速度能力曲线消耗剩余发动机能量。将终端约束表示为关于攻角和速度能力曲线参数的方程组，将闭环制导问题转化为方程组的求解。针对飞行过程中的动压、过载，以及控制变化率等过程约束，构造了攻角和速度能力曲线的可行边界。针对气动系数和发动机参数的不确定性，采用容积卡尔曼滤波器对不确定性进行辨识。仿真结果表明，与模型预测静态规划算法和改进粒子群算法相比，本算法的终端速度调节范围、鲁棒性以及计算效率大幅度提高。     

Land use and cover change (LUCC) impacts on Earth’s eco-environments: Research progress and prospects

Land use and cover change (LUCC) is one of the key variables dominating land–atmosphere interactions and strongly affects the Earth’s eco-environments by altering surface properties. Numerous studies have been carried out to assess the impact of LUCC. However, the Earth is a large, open and complex system characterized by complex interactions between its eco-environments and drivers. This study aimed to summarize previous studies of the impact of LUCC on the Earth’s eco-environments and discuss the progress and limitations in suggesting future directions. Previous studies have confirmed that LUCC has a wide range of impacts on the Earth’s eco-environments, which are represented by the alternation of climate (temperature, precipitation, wind, and humidity), hydrology (soil moisture, runoff, and evapotranspiration), ecology and environmental (air, water, and soil) pollution. Physically, the impacts were mainly attributed to the disturbance of the surface radiation budget and matter conservation caused by LUCC. Although great achievements have been made, several challenges remain because of the unavoidable uncertainties in data sources and methodologies and the complexity of eco-environmental evolution. Therefore, data assimilation, physical-based investigations, contribution isolation, and full-process analysis are required to overcome these challenges in future research. The results of this study helped to capture the impact of LUCC and its physical mechanisms, which provide useful clues for future research and support the relative land use management for sustainable development.     

深空极低温服役环境下材料力学/物理性能低成本快速评价方法研究进展

随着我国空间探测卫星、深空探测飞行器等国家战略装备的快速发展,宇航材料的服役环境越来越苛刻,常常面临极端低温的考验。然而低温下材料的力学/物理性能和常温相比有很大差异,极低温使役环境下材料力学/物理性能评价成为人们关注的重点问题。本文着重对基于力-热能量密度等效原理而发展的深空极低温服役环境下材料屈服强度、弹性模量、理想拉伸强度、硬度等力学性能的低成本快速评价方法研究进展进行了总结和回顾;同时,介绍了力-热能量密度等效原理在低温下半导体材料的带隙能、折射率、拉曼频移,金属材料磁晶各向异性常数等物理性能的低成本快速评价方面的推广应用情况。该评价方法为实现地面实时监测在轨航天器中关键材料的主要力学/物理性能提供了有效途径,为国家高端技术装备建设中关键材料的设计、可靠性评价和实时性能监测等提供重要的手段。