New trade tree for manned mars missions

Recent studies on human missions to Mars suggest revisiting the parameters that have the most important impact on the complexity, the initial mass in low Earth orbit, the risks and the development costs for the first journey to the red planet. In the last NASA reference mission, a trade tree is proposed.     

United Nations Human Space Technology Initiative (HSTI)

The Human Space Technology Initiative was launched in 2010 within the framework of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications implemented by the Office for Outer Space Affairs of the United Nations. It aims to involve more countries in activities related to human spaceflight and space exploration and to increase the benefits from the outcome of such activities through international cooperation, to make space exploration a truly international effort.     

Self-perspiration garment for extravehicular activity improves skin cooling effects without raising humidity

Introduction

The current U.S. extravehicular activity (EVA) suit in space includes liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG) to control thermal condition. Tubes knitted in LCVG for flowing water interrupt evaporation of perspiration, and astronauts feel discomfort. In the present study, we hypothesized that a self-perspiration garment would effectively lower the skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. Thus, we developed and examined the effects of the garment.

Methods

Eight healthy subjects were studied with a cyclic ergometer of 30, 60 90 and 120 W loading for 3 min each. Skin temperature and humidity on the back were measured continuously. Subjects wore and tested three types of garments i.e., a spandex wear without any cooling device (Normal), a simulated LCVG (s-LCVG) or the spandex wear knitted a vinyl tube for flowing water, and the spandex wear with a tube, which flows water and self-perspiration with oozing water for evaporative cooling (SPEC).

Results

All measurements were reached to steady state 2–3 min after the setting. The s-LCVG decreased skin temperature 0.39±0.14 °C during 12 min of cooling. With SPEC, skin temperature did not decrease significantly until 6–9 min after starting the cooling. However, the temperature decreased rapidly and significantly after that, and finally decreased 1.59±0.32 °C. Humidity in the SPEC was significantly lower than that in s-LCVG.

Discussion

SPEC was effective for lowering skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. The concept is expected to use as a better cooling system during EVA.     

Structural and collisional data for Mg III and Al IV

We present in this work energy levels, oscillator strengths, radiative decay rates and fine structure collision strengths for the Mg III and Al IV ions. The 11 configurations: (1s²) 2s²2p⁶, 2s²2p⁵3l, 2s2p⁶3l, 2s²2p⁵4l   (l?n-1$l?n-1$, where n is the principal quantum number), yielding the lowest 75 levels are used. The collisional data for these two ions are missing in the literature, especially the database CHIANTI, this is the principal motivation behind the present work. Calculations have been performed using the AUTOSTRUCTURE code. AUTOSTRUCTURE treats the scattering problem in the distorted wave approach. Fine structure collision strengths are calculated for a range of electron energies from 10 Ry to 240 Ry. The atomic structure data are compared to available experimental and theoretical results.     

航天器分离面物理嵌合机理及防护方案

在某航天器研制过程中,发现了分离面镀膜后因非冷焊因素导致不能分离的现象。为探究该现象的产生机理、影响因素和防护方案,将铝合金试片表面分别进行不处理、本色阳极氧化处理、涂覆二硫化钼处理、光亮镀金处理和光亮阳极氧化处理后,两两配合加压,高真空条件下静置一段时间后,在常温常压条件下进行分离试验,如果试片未分离,重新采用新试片在变温常压条件下静置一段时间后,进行分离试验,分析各试片表面形貌变化和元素转移等情况。试验发现未分离试片因对接面上存在大量细小的凹凸纹路彼此机械咬合引起不能分离,试片镀膜硬度和表面粗糙度是产生物理嵌合的直接原因。从而,提出了航天器无相对运动的分离面需选用硬度较大、粗糙程度较低镀层的防护措施,并通过试验进行了验证。     

纳米铝粉及纳米铝粉/煤油凝胶体系能量性能研究

测定了各单组分及纳米铝粉／煤油凝胶体系的燃烧热,表征了纳米铝粉及纳米铝粉／煤油凝胶体系的能量性能。实验结果表明,随着纳米铝粉含量的增加,纳米铝粉／煤油凝胶体系的质量恒容燃烧热呈降低趋势,这是由于煤油的燃烧热值较高,铝粉的燃烧热值较低所致;而各纳米铝粉／煤油凝胶体系的密度随纳米铝粉含量的增加呈升高趋势,体系的体积燃烧热也随纳米铝粉含量增加而升高。     

压电自适应桁架结构主动控制模型及实验

为提高结构对外部环境的抗干扰能力,构造了压电柔性自适应桁架结构,并对其主动控制进行了研究.由传感器、作动器与柔性梁组成压电自适应桁架结构.基于自适应结构的机电耦合理论,在测量位移的情况下,采用改进的二次积分力反馈控制方法研究了空间压电柔性自适应桁架结构的振动主动控制问题.建立了压电柔性自适应桁架结构主动控制实验系统,并对这类自适应结构进行了实时计算机振动主动控制实验研究.实验研究表明柔性自适应桁架结构能够改善结构的动力学特性,对外界的干扰具有良好的自适应性.     

船载测控设备远程测试标校系统设计与实现

远洋航天测控事业的不断发展,对测控设备的远程测试标校和故障诊断提出更高的要求。目前。船载测控设备配备了大量的智能测试仪器,为建立船载测控设备自动化测试标校系统提供了有利条件。此外基于PXI总线的虚拟仪器技术的广泛应用,也为未来航天测控设备的自动化测试提供了新途径。本文主要探讨了船载测控设备远程测试标校系统的主要设计思想和实现方式。     

卫星测控应用中心远程容灾系统方案设计

随着航天技术的发展,各种卫星如综合侦察卫星、气象与海洋监视卫星、数据与中继卫星等,其数据的信息速率存储、处理的数据量越来越大,对卫星测控应用中心大容量、高速率数据的安全性、可靠性要求也越来越高。在自然灾害,如地震、洪水;人为破坏,如恐怖活动、战争等条件下,确保卫星测控应用中心的安全与快速恢复能力,将非常重要。本文从原理上设计了一套远程数据容灾系统方案,以保证卫星测控应用中心在自然灾害或人为破坏后能够快速恢复其基本功能。分析表明,该方案具有很好的可靠性、安全性。     

中间相沥青基碳纤维表面特性和界面粘结性能

针对高模量、高热导率中间相沥青基碳纤维复合材料界面性能弱等瓶颈问题,深入研究该类纤维表面特性及其与树脂的界面粘结性能。选取3种典型中间相沥青基碳纤维,测试分析其微观形貌、表面能和极性与色散分量、表面元素种类与含量,利用微脱黏方法表征中间相沥青基碳纤维与环氧树脂的界面剪切强度。研究结果表明:中间相沥青基碳纤维表面均存在明显沟槽结构,但其呈化学惰性,选用的中间相沥青基碳纤维与环氧树脂界面剪切强度最高约为50 MPa,明显低于聚丙烯腈基碳纤维;纤维表面能越高,尤其是极性分量越高,中间相沥青基碳纤维/环氧树脂界面剪切强度越大,这些结果揭示了中间相沥青基碳纤维与树脂基体界面性能主控因素。