光波纳米推进技术中的表面等离激元增益光镊作用机理

为研究天线不同结构对表面等离激元（SPP）增益光镊作用的影响,建立天线-基底的电磁波传输耦合激元电场触发光梯度力的数值模型,并利用数值模型分析天线不同结构对SPP电场的影响规律,同时,这种电场变化规律对光镊增益有直接的数学关系,基于上述物理机制,获得不同天线结构对光梯度力产生的优化策略。为验证上述物理机制与优化策略的有效性,开展纳米颗粒的粒子图像测速（PIV）试验,天线材料为银,基底为二氧化硅,纳米颗粒为银,试验能够完好地观测到纳米颗粒在天线通道的运动情况。结果表明,光梯度力的增益机制在于激元电场强度和梯度两方面因素,前者随天线不对称性增强而先增大后减小,后者呈现一直增大趋势;纳米颗粒推动作用力的计算误差约为5.5%~13.8%,且试验值与计算值的趋势相符,一方面验证本文研究机理及优化策略的有效性,另一方面证明PFP技术的原理可行。     

Detailed modeling of aluminum particle combustion——From single particles to cloud combustion in Bunsen flames

A numerical model for aluminum cloud combustion which includes the effects of interphase heat transfer, phase change, heterogeneous surface reactions, homogeneous combustion,oxide cap growth and radiation within the Euler–Lagrange framework is proposed. The model is validated in single particle configurations with varying particle diameters. The combustion process of a single aluminum particle is analyzed in detail and the particle consumption rates as well as the heat release rates due to the v...     

基于光滑粒子流体动力学方法的液滴蒸发问题数值模拟研究

基于光滑粒子流体动力学方法（Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics，SPH），开展了SPH新算法在蒸发燃烧领域的研究。建立了适用于SPH方法的蒸发数值模型，推导了基于傅立叶热传导公式和菲克扩散定律的SPH离散方程；借鉴VOF方法（Volume of Fluid）的思想，提出了SPH粒子的液相质量分数的概念，以有效表征蒸发过程中的相变问题。采用SPH方法对高温环境中单个液滴的蒸发过程进行数值模拟，结果符合D2定律，与理论模型相一致；在强迫对流环境中，液滴的蒸发过程受到对流作用及表面张力的影响，蒸发速率加快；进一步对双液滴在静止、对流环境中的蒸发过程进行数值模拟研究。结果表明，液滴的间距、滴径对多个液滴的蒸发过程影响至关重要，液滴间距至少在两倍的液滴直径以上，相互之间的影响才可以近似忽略。通过本文研究，拓宽了SPH方法在蒸发相变领域的应用范围，研究结果也能够为进一步的燃烧问题研究奠定基础。     

燃油喷嘴雾化特性试验研究

为了检验某型航空发动机燃油喷嘴改进设计效果,利用相位多普勒粒子分析仪对燃油喷嘴的雾化性能参数进行试验研究。得到雾化液滴的索太尔平均直径的空间分布、轴向平均速度、脉动速度及其湍流度的分布情况。结果表明:轴向平均速度呈凹盆状分布,脉动速度呈双峰状分布;喷雾中心湍流度大,喷雾边缘湍流度小。随着供油压力增大,在相同测试截面上,喷雾的范围和中心区域粒径变大,边缘位置粒径变小。在相同供油压力下,随着与喷嘴距离的增加,喷雾范围增大,喷雾的轴向平均速度和脉动速度减小,轴向速度的湍流度波动幅度减小。     

Particle Acceleration Mechanisms

In this paper we review the possible mechanisms for production of non-thermal electrons which are responsible for the observed non-thermal radiation in clusters of galaxies. Our primary focus is on non-thermal Bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering, that produce hard X-ray emission. We first give a brief review of acceleration mechanisms and point out that in most astrophysical situations, and in particular for the intracluster medium, shocks, turbulence and plasma waves play a crucial role. We also outline how the effects of the turbulence can be accounted for. Using a generic model for turbulence and acceleration, we then consider two scenarios for production of non-thermal radiation. The first is motivated by the possibility that hard X-ray emission is due to non-thermal Bremsstrahlung by nonrelativistic particles and attempts to produce non-thermal tails by accelerating the electrons from the background plasma with an initial Maxwellian distribution. For acceleration rates smaller than the Coulomb energy loss rate, the effect of energising the plasma is to primarily heat the plasma with little sign of a distinct non-thermal tail. Such tails are discernible only for acceleration rates comparable or larger than the Coulomb loss rate. However, these tails are accompanied by significant heating and they are present for a short time of <10⁶ years, which is also the time that the tail will be thermalised. A longer period of acceleration at such rates will result in a runaway situation with most particles being accelerated to very high energies. These more exact treatments confirm the difficulty with this model, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557:560, 2001). Such non-thermal tails, even if possible, can only explain the hard X-ray but not the radio emission which needs GeV or higher energy electrons. For these and for production of hard X-rays by the inverse Compton model, we need the second scenario where there is injection and subsequent acceleration of relativistic electrons. It is shown that a steady state situation, for example arising from secondary electrons produced from cosmic ray proton scattering by background protons, will most likely lead to flatter than required electron spectra or it requires a short escape time of the electrons from the cluster. An episodic injection of relativistic electrons, presumably from galaxies or AGN, and/or episodic generation of turbulence and shocks by mergers can result in an electron spectrum consistent with observations but for only a short period of less than one billion years.     

Particle simulation of grid system for krypton ion thrusters

The transport processes of plasmas in grid systems of krypton (Kr) ion thrusters at different acceleration voltages were simulated with a 3D-PIC model, and the result was compared with xenon (Xe) ion thrusters. The variation of the screen grid transparency, the accelerator grid current ratio and the divergence loss were explored. It is found that the screen grid transparency increases with the acceleration voltage and decreases with the beam current, while the accelerator grid current ratio and divergence loss decrease first and then increase with the beam current. This result is the same with Xe ion thrusters. Simulation results also show that Kr ion thrusters have more advantages than Xe ion thrusters, such as higher screen grid transparency, smaller accelerator grid current ratio, larger cut-off current threshold, and better divergence loss characteristic. These advantages mean that Kr ion thrusters have the ability of operating in a wide range of current. Through comprehensive analyses, it can be concluded that using Kr as propellant is very suitable for a multi-mode ion thruster design.     

Instability and unsteadiness of aircraft wake vortices

This paper presents a review of theoretical and experimental results on stability and other unsteady properties of aircraft wakes. The basic mechanisms responsible for the propagation and the amplification of perturbation along vortices, namely the Kelvin waves and the cooperative instabilities, are first detailed. These two generic unsteady mechanisms are described by considering asymptotic linear stability analysis of model flows such as vortex filaments or Lamb–Oseen vortices. Extension of the linear analysis to more representative flows, using a biglobal stability approach, is also described. Experimental results obtained using LDV, hot wire and PIV in wind tunnels are presented and they are commented upon the light of theory.     

PVC糊树脂对交联PVC泡沫塑料的影响

通过水煮发泡制备交联聚氯乙烯泡沫塑料,讨论了聚氯乙烯(PVC)糊树脂对泡沫制备过程中经制糊、模压和发泡工艺得到的产物的影响,研究了PVC糊树脂对制备的交联PVC泡沫压缩性能的影响.结果表明:制备交联聚氯乙烯泡沫塑料适宜的糊黏度是4～9 Pa·s;PVC糊树脂的K值较大或水萃取液pH值呈碱性可有效防止模压过程中PVC的降解;PVC糊树脂的水萃取液pH值呈碱性可催化发泡反应,有利于得到低密度泡沫且缩短发泡时间;随着其K值增加,制备的泡沫压缩强度增大,但是K值过大时,制备的泡沫泡孔较大,压缩强度反而降低,适宜的K值为70～80.     

AHPSO-SVM预测超声内圆磨削ZTA陶瓷的边界损伤

为解决普通加工方式易出现工程陶瓷边缘碎裂的问题,本文对超声内圆磨削工程陶瓷边界损伤预测系统进行了研究。在35 kHz轴向超声磨削与普通磨削两种条件下独立进行试验,运用支持向量机研究工艺参数与边界损伤影响规律,采用改进的粒子群算法优化支持向量机,建立采用混合核函数的AHPSO-SVM预测模型。研究结果表明,超声激励下试件边界损伤降幅为10.05%～21.23%,AHPSO-SVM预测模型MSE为0.378 4、平均相对误差为1.369 0%、30次适应度值标准差为0.020 2。相比于普通磨削,超声磨削可使ZTA陶瓷边界损伤值显著降低;建立的AHPSO-SVM模型具有较好的学习能力、泛化性能与良好的稳定性。     

Reliable flight performance assessment of multirotor based on interacting multiple model particle filter and health degree

Multirotor has been applied to many military and civilian mission scenarios. From the perspective of reliability, it is difficult to ensure that multirotors do not generate hardware and software failures or performance anomalies during the flight process. These failures and anomalies may result in mission interruptions, crashes, and even threats to the lives and property of human beings. Thus, the study of flight reliability problems of multirotors is conductive to the development of the drone industry and has theoretical significance and engineering value. This paper proposes a reliable flight performance assessment method of multirotors based on an Interacting Multiple Model Particle Filter (IMMPF) algorithm and health degree as the performance indicator. First, the multirotor is modeled by the Stochastic Hybrid System (SHS) model, and the problem of reliable flight performance assessment is formulated. In order to solve the problem, the IMMPF algorithm is presented to estimate the real-time probability distribution of hybrid state of the established SHS-based multirotor model, since it can decrease estimation errors compared with the standard interacting multiple model algorithm based on extended Kalman filter. Then, the reliable flight performance is assessed with health degree based on the estimation result. Finally, a case study of a multirotor suffering from sensor anomalies is presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.