Particle Acceleration in Mercury’s Magnetosphere

This paper is devoted to the problem of particle acceleration in the closest to the Sun Hermean magnetosphere. We discuss few available observations of energetic particles in Mercury environment made by Mariner-10 in 1974–1975 during Mercury flyby’s and by Helios in 1979 upstream of the Hermean bow shock. Typically ions are non-adiabatic in a very dynamic and compact Mercury magnetosphere, so one may expect that particle acceleration will be very effective. However, it works perfectly for electrons, but for ions the scale of magnetosphere is so small that it allows their acceleration only up to 100 keV. We present comparative analysis of the efficiency of various acceleration mechanisms (inductive acceleration, acceleration by the centrifugal impulse force, stochastic acceleration in a turbulent magnetic fields, wave–particle interactions and bow shock energization) in the magnetospheres of the Earth and Mercury. Finally we discuss several points which need to be addressed in a future Hermean missions.     

低地球轨道带电粒子辐射环境对航天器的影响

简述了低地球轨道（ＬＥＯ）空间环境中对航天器正常工作有重要影响的环境因素之一──带电粒子辐射环境;并着重介绍了该环境因素作用在航天器上可能产生的不利影响。     

High-Latitude Particle Precipitation and its Relationship to Magnetospheric Source Regions

Two central issues in magnetospheric research are understanding the mapping of the low-altitude ionosphere to the distant regions of the magnetsphere, and understanding the relationship between the small-scale features detected in the various regions of the ionosphere and the global properties of the magnetosphere. The high-latitude ionosphere, through its magnetic connection to the outer magnetosphere, provides an important view of magnetospheric boundaries and the physical processes occurring there. All physical manifestations of this magnetic connectivity (waves, particle precipitation, etc.), however, have non-zero propagation times during which they are convected by the large-scale magnetospheric electric field, with phenomena undergoing different convection distances depending on their propagation times. Identification of the ionospheric signatures of magnetospheric regions and phenomena, therefore, can be difficult. Considerable progress has recently been made in identifying these convection signatures in data from low- and high-altitude satellites. This work has allowed us to learn much about issues such as: the rates of magnetic reconnection, both at the dayside magnetopause and in the magnetotail; particle transport across the open magnetopause; and particle acceleration at the magnetopause and the magnetotail current sheets.     

在加速场下含铝复合推进剂燃烧中粒子动力学研究

从两个方面研究了在加速度场下含铝复合推进剂燃烧中粒子动力学：在理论分析中,以牛顿运动定律为基础,运用粘流Ｎ－Ｓ方程导出燃烧产物中凝聚铝粒子运动方程,计算出加速度与粒子临界尺寸的关系曲线;在试验研究中,用研制的燃烧实验装置和动态粒子采集器,在不同加速度条件下获取燃烧产物中的铝粒子。研究结果表明,理论分析计算和试验研究结果基本吻合,从而验证了加速度效应的基本原理。     

轴对称激波诱导矢量喷管三维两相流数值模拟

运用颗粒轨道模型对轴对称激波诱导矢量喷管内流场进行了数值模拟,并与纯气相条件下的计算结果进行了对比分析,研究了1～30μm不同直径颗粒的运动轨迹和内流场参数的分布特征,并对矢量喷管的推力性能进行了研究。结果表明,颗粒相的加入对射流推力矢量喷管内流场和推力性能都带来很大影响,影响规律与颗粒直径密切相关。为两相流条件下射流矢量喷管的试验研究提供了一定依据。     

周期性湍流射流冲击下的传热与流场特征

实验研究了周期性变化的湍流射流冲击平板时的传热和流场特性,对实验现象和射流冲击强化传热机理进行了探索和分析。利用一个特殊的质量流量控制装置产生周期性的冲击射流,采用典型的正弦和矩形变化的射流,在不同频率下进行实验。研究表明,两种周期性射流冲击传热性能有很大差异,矩形冲击射流的传热性能优于正弦冲击射流,提高频率有助于射流冲击传热的强化。用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对流场进行锁相实验测量,研究表明,在较高频率下,阶跃变化的矩形射流冲击时整个变化周期内平板表面处于强烈的冲击和涡流不断的产生和传播状态,从而能有效地强化对流换热过程。平缓连续变化的正弦射流的锁相平均速度场低于矩形射流,卷吸和冲击作用、涡流的形成和传播过程均没有矩形射流冲击下那么强烈,从而导致换热强化效果相对较弱。     

SiC_p/Al复合材料高速铣削切削力模型建立

使用聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具并采用正交试验设计法,对含不同体分比的碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料(SiCp/2009Al)进行高速铣削试验。在测量切削力和切屑厚度的基础上,建立了剪切角、剪切应力和摩擦角的预测模型,并结合金属切削基本理论公式建立了切削力的预测模型。该模型包含铣削速度、每齿进给量、径向切宽、增强颗粒体分比等重要参数,模型对进给方向最大铣削力预测值的平均误差为5.9%,对铣刀径向切深方向最大铣削力预测值的平均误差为9.2%,皆高于普通经验公式的预测精度,从而可对SiCp/2009Al复合材料高速铣削时的铣削力进行有效预测。     

DPIV系统研制及其应用

笔者在北京航空航天大学流体力学研究所多年从事系统的PIV测试技术研究,经过科研攻关成功研制出目前国内第一套完善的实时数字式粒子图像测速(DigitalParticleImageVelocimetry)系统,实现了速度场和涡量场的实时测量,而且已经成功地应用于各项流体力学的实验测量中,其中包括:1.5M超声速喷流实验、三角翼前缘涡破裂复杂流场测量实验、大型工程水洞流场校测、绕摆动圆柱卡门涡测量实验以及锥阀管道模型和漩涡分离器内部流场测量实验等[1～3]。     

离子发动机加速栅极孔扩大腐蚀的粒子模拟

为研究离子发动机加速栅极孔扩大腐蚀速的特征及影响规律,采用单元内粒子——蒙特卡罗碰撞(PIC-MCC)方法,结合溅射腐蚀模型,模拟了栅极间束流离子及交换电荷(CEX)离子的分布情况,得到离子发动机加速栅极孔扩大腐蚀情况及平均腐蚀率,为0.0176μm/h。进一步研究了工作参数和几何参数对其影响,并建立了适用于工程应用的加速栅极孔扩大腐蚀预测模型。结果表明,在影响孔扩大腐蚀率各种因素中,束流电流密度和中性气体密度的影响最大。因此,在离子发动机直径一定的情况下,提高放电室出口等离子体密度的均匀性及推进剂利用率,是提高栅极寿命的根本途径。      

PIV图像粒子像斑的定位偏差评估的讨论

针对PIV技术的直接测量法中图像的可读性和可测性，讨论了从模拟图像到数字图像，最后到粒子像斑中心位置的确定过程中的误差规律；并提出一种称之为粒子像斑定位偏差综合评估的试验方法。该试验提供了一个能较为全面地定量考察PIV图像处理系统（包括硬／软件）在整个图像读入及粒子定位计测过程中对真值偏差的评估方法。最后，对石油大学流体测试室所开发的PIV图像实时采集处理系统进行了其定位偏差的评估测试。