Cosmic-ray composition and its relation to shock acceleration by supernova remnants

An overview is given on the present status of the understanding of the origin of galactic cosmic rays. Recent measurements of charged cosmic rays and photons are reviewed. Their impact on the contemporary knowledge about the sources and acceleration mechanisms of cosmic rays and their propagation through the Galaxy is discussed. Possible reasons for the knee in the energy spectrum and scenarios for the end of the galactic cosmic-ray component are described.     

On ultra-high energy cosmic rays: Origin in AGN jets and transport in expanding universe

The cosmic ray source spectrum produced by AGN (active galactic nucleus) jets is calculated. A distinctive feature of these calculations is the account for the jet distribution on kinetic energy. The expected cosmic ray spectrum at the Earth is determined with the use of a simple numerical code which takes into account interactions of ultra-high energy protons and nuclei with the background radiation in an expanding universe.     

Effect of evaporation and solutocapillary-driven flow upon motion and resultant deposition of suspended particles in volatile droplet on solid substrate

Particle motion in a volatile droplet on a solid surface, especially the behavior of particles depositing in the vicinity of a solid–liquid–gas boundary line (contact line) is focused. This phenomenon is called the ‘coffee stain problem’. Motion and deposition of the particles suspended in distilled water droplets and distilled water–ethanol mixture droplets are discussed. The spatio-temporal particle motion is analyzed by the three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D PTV). A discussion of the morphology of the particles stuck to the solid surface after the dryout of the droplet is also given.     

Acceleration at the termination shock: Anisotropies and spectra

Low-energy termination shock particle populations observed by the Voyagers upstream of the shock exhibited strong field-aligned beaming with anisotropies of the order of unity. The Parker transport equation is valid only for nearly isotropic phase space distributions and is inapplicable to these highly beamed populations. The usual approach is to revert to the more general focused transport equation retaining pitch-angle information. We developed a complimentary technique employing a three-moment expansion of the Skilling equation using Legendre polynomials. We investigate the effects of adiabatic focusing and reflection on the diffusive acceleration process at oblique shock waves. It is shown that low-energy particle intensities are discontinuous and sharply peaked at the shock, consistent with the observations. Particle spectra are not only harder than the power laws predicted from diffusive transport theory, but also exhibit spectral gaps near the low-energy acceleration threshold due to more efficient acceleration by scattering and mirroring. Our model also predicts upstream anisotropies as high as 100% for highly oblique shocks whereas downstream distributions are nearly isotropic.     

Solar neutron events as a tool to study particle acceleration at the Sun

The Sun provides unique opportunities to study particle acceleration mechanisms using data from detectors placed on the Earth’s surface and on board spacecrafts. Particles may gain high energies by several physical mechanisms. Differentiating between these possibilities is a fundamental problem of cosmic ray physics. Energetic neutrons provide us with information that keeps the signatures of the acceleration site. A summary of some representative solar neutron events observed on the Earth’s surface, including associated X and γ-ray observations from spacecrafts is presented. We discuss evidence of acceleration of particles by the Sun to energies up to several tens of GeV. In addition, a recent solar neutron event that occurred on September 7th 2005 and detected by several observatories at Earth is analyzed in detail.     

机翼滚摆非定常流场的PIV测量

对后掠角为 ８０°的三角翼模型在迎角为 α＝ ３５°时的自激滚摆（ｗ ｉｎｇ ｒｏｃｋ）非定常流场首次采用粒子图像测速仪 Ｐ Ｉ Ｖ（ Ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅ Ｉｍ ａｇｅ Ｖｅｌｏｃｉｍ ｅｔｒｙ）进行瞬态全场速度场测量。对应的 Ｒｅ数为 Ｒｅ＝ １．０１ 和２１１ ×１０５ ，自激频率为３３ Ｈｚ 和３９ Ｈｚ，滚摆振幅为±２０°，测量截面为 Ｘ／ Ｌ ＝ ０．５２５ 和０７７５ 。每幅图像计有 １５１２８ 个速度矢，空间分辨率为０５ｍ ｍ 。图像采样频率１０ Ｈｚ。测量结果表明，不仅三角翼前缘涡在模型滚摆运动时相对翼面位置的迟滞特性、而且涡强的动态迟滞特性是引起和维持自激滚摆的主要原因。     

矢量观测确定卫星姿态的预测粒子滤波算法

在矢量观测的基础上,针对单独的星敏感器定姿,提出了一种将粒子滤波(PF)和预测滤波相结合的姿态确定算法,通过设计粒子初始化,结合重要性采样、重采样和规则化等手段,成功地将姿态四元数作为状态粒子进行更新和传递,避免了状态方程的线性化和协方差矩阵的计算;利用预测滤波算法估计模型误差和姿态角速度,在保证滤波精度的同时,有效降低了粒子滤波器的维数.实验在某对地观测通用小卫星平台上进行,选取卫星自由飞行状态和飞轮控制对地稳定模式,分别对滤波器进行了仿真,实验结果验证了该算法对本质非线性、非高斯的卫星姿态估计问题具有快速的收敛性能和良好的稳定精度.该方法还为粒子滤波器的设计和无角速度敏感器测量的飞行器姿态确定提供了借鉴.     

基于灰色关联分析的航空发动机气路部件故障诊断

为了改善对航空发动机气路部件故障诊断能力,提出了一种基于灰色关联分析的两层诊断方法。该方法首先利用粒子群算法优化各蜕化程度下灰色关联加权指数,构建标准故障序列,利用灰色关联分析进行第一层定性诊断,再优选故障模式利用灰色斜率关联分析方法进行二次诊断,得到了气路部件故障诊断结果。仿真表明,改进二次灰色关联分析诊断方法比单层诊断方法结构更简单,计算量小,更适合于较多传感器的发动机诊断系统,比经验灰色关联分析方法诊断精度更高。     

Tracking characteristics of tracer particles for PIV measurements in supersonic flows

The tracking characteristics of tracer particles for particle image velocimetry (PIV) mea-surements in supersonic flows were investigated. The experimental tests were conducted at Mach number 4 in Multi-Mach Wind Tunnel (MMWT) of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The motion of tracer particles carried by the supersonic flow across shockwaves was theoretically modelled, and then their aerodynamic characteristics with compressibility and rarefaction effects were evalu-ated. According to the proposed selection criterion of tracer particles, the PIV measured results clearly identified that the shockwave amplitude is in good agreement with theory and Schlieren visu-alizations. For the tracer particles in nanoscales, their effective aerodynamic sizes in the diagnostic zone can be faithfully estimated to characterize the tracking capability and dispersity performance based on their relaxation motion across oblique shockwaves. On the other hand, the seeding system enabled the tracer particles well-controlled and repeatable dispersity against the storage and humidity.     

On the Differences in Composition between Solar Energetic Particles and Solar Wind

Although the average composition of solar energetic particles (SEPs) and the bulk solar wind are similar in a number of ways, there are key differences which imply that solar wind is not the principal seed population for SEPs accelerated by coronal mass ejection (CME) driven shocks. This paper reviews these composition differences and considers the composition of other possible seed populations, including coronal material, impulsive flare material, and interplanetary CME material.