Particle Acceleration Mechanisms

In this paper we review the possible mechanisms for production of non-thermal electrons which are responsible for the observed non-thermal radiation in clusters of galaxies. Our primary focus is on non-thermal Bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering, that produce hard X-ray emission. We first give a brief review of acceleration mechanisms and point out that in most astrophysical situations, and in particular for the intracluster medium, shocks, turbulence and plasma waves play a crucial role. We also outline how the effects of the turbulence can be accounted for. Using a generic model for turbulence and acceleration, we then consider two scenarios for production of non-thermal radiation. The first is motivated by the possibility that hard X-ray emission is due to non-thermal Bremsstrahlung by nonrelativistic particles and attempts to produce non-thermal tails by accelerating the electrons from the background plasma with an initial Maxwellian distribution. For acceleration rates smaller than the Coulomb energy loss rate, the effect of energising the plasma is to primarily heat the plasma with little sign of a distinct non-thermal tail. Such tails are discernible only for acceleration rates comparable or larger than the Coulomb loss rate. However, these tails are accompanied by significant heating and they are present for a short time of <10⁶ years, which is also the time that the tail will be thermalised. A longer period of acceleration at such rates will result in a runaway situation with most particles being accelerated to very high energies. These more exact treatments confirm the difficulty with this model, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557:560, 2001). Such non-thermal tails, even if possible, can only explain the hard X-ray but not the radio emission which needs GeV or higher energy electrons. For these and for production of hard X-rays by the inverse Compton model, we need the second scenario where there is injection and subsequent acceleration of relativistic electrons. It is shown that a steady state situation, for example arising from secondary electrons produced from cosmic ray proton scattering by background protons, will most likely lead to flatter than required electron spectra or it requires a short escape time of the electrons from the cluster. An episodic injection of relativistic electrons, presumably from galaxies or AGN, and/or episodic generation of turbulence and shocks by mergers can result in an electron spectrum consistent with observations but for only a short period of less than one billion years.     

An extrapolation approach for aeroengine’s transient control law design

Transient control law ensures that the aeroengine transits to the command operating state rapidly and reliably. Most of the existing approaches for transient control law design have complicated principle and arithmetic. As a result, those approaches are not convenient for application. This paper proposes an extrapolation approach based on the set-point parameters to construct the transient control law, which has a good practicability. In this approach, the transient main fuel control law for acceleration and deceleration process is designed based on the main fuel flow on steady operating state. In order to analyze the designing feature of the extrapolation approach, the simulation results of several different transient control laws designed by the same approach are compared together. The analysis indicates that the aeroengine has a good performance in the transient process and the designing feature of the extrapolation approach conforms to the elements of the turbofan aeroengine.     

基于遗传算法的弧齿锥齿轮动态特性优化设计

基于集中质量法建立了弧齿锥齿轮八自由度弯-轴-扭三维空间动力学模型,在模型中考虑了啮合刚度的时变性、几何传动误差的非线性、齿面侧隙以及支承刚度的非线性.采用Runge-Kutta法对传动系统动态响应进行求解.在此基础上,以啮合周期内动态特性指标——振动加速度均方根作为优化目标函数,使用遗传算法对局部综合法中的齿面控制参数进行优化.在对设计参数进行优化的同时也获得了齿轮副最优加工参数.最终以齿面修形的方式实现了航空弧齿锥齿轮动态特性优化,减小了齿轮传动系统的振动与噪声.      

高密度烃燃料雾化特性试验

采用试验手段研究了高密度烃燃料在直射式喷嘴情况下的雾化规律,采用数字图像处理技术,使用粒子图像测速系统（PIV）对其在横向高温气流中形成的喷雾场进行图像测量和分析。初步研究了气流温度、油压、气压与气流速度对高密度烃燃料雾化特性的影响,以及射流与喷嘴距离对喷雾粒子索太尔平均直径（SMD）的影响。试验结果显示：气流温度和油压的增加有助于提高高密度烃的雾化效果。在研究气流速度对其影响时,要考虑加热气流蒸发产生的影响,在雾化初始阶段速度因素占主导地位,而在下游距离喷嘴50~75mm间的某一位置开始,蒸发因素将起到主要作用。通过数值计算与实验比较,进一步说明了高温气流蒸发作用在颗粒二次雾化中的重要性。研究结果为优化设计高密度烃燃料发动机燃烧室提供依据。     

基于粒子群拍卖混合算法的空空导弹制导权移交技术

为解决超视距协同空战中的空空导弹制导权移交问题,首先对空空导弹制导权移交问题进行了数学建模,构建了我机对目标机制导优先权模型以及我机对空空导弹制导优先权模型,建立了空空导弹制导权移交的任务分配模型;其次为实现对大规模空空导弹制导权移交问题的快速寻优求解,提出了一种分布式的粒子群拍卖混合算法,该算法对粒子群算法进行了改进,并融合了拍卖算法的优点,可在较短的时间内获得较为合理的制导权移交方案,具有较好的动态性、全局寻优性能以及易于计算机编程实现等优点。最后,通过仿真实验证明了本方法的合理性和有效性。     

基于SVM和"嫦娥一号"数据的月球表面亮温分布

月球表面的微波辐射亮度温度分布与月表物质的物理化学和地理分布特性密切相关.为了分析月球表面微波辐射亮温的分布特点,利用支持向量机(SVM)方法对嫦娥一号(CE-1)绕月卫星搭载的微波辐射计获得的2C级亮温数据建立回归分析模型,并利用粒子群算法优化SVM回归模型,建立了月球表面不同地理位置的4个频率通道(3GHz,7.8GHz,19.35GHz,37GHz)的微波辐射亮温与时间的关系,获得了这4个频率的微波辐射亮温在月表很窄时间段的全球分布,因而显示出了更多的细节特征.最后对这些特征进行了描述并对影响月球表面亮温的因素进行了讨论.     

基于多项式插值的自由漂浮空间机器人轨迹规划粒子群优化算法

针对自由漂浮空间机器人轨迹规划问题,提出一种基于多项式插值与粒子群优化算法相结合的非完整运动规划方法。首先,通过对系统非完整约束条件进行分析,给出了以机械臂关节角耗散能为目标函数的轨迹最优控制算法;并采用高阶多项式插值方法逼近机械臂关节角轨迹,将插值多项式的系数作为优化参数,结合粒子群优化算法对关节角轨迹进行优化求解。最后,对本文提出的轨迹规划算法进行数值仿真。仿真结果表明关节角轨迹平滑连续,保证了关节角速度及关节角加速度在初始和终止状态均为零,从而验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

通用航空飞行器气动布局设计优化

研究了通用航空飞行器气动布局设计优化问题。应用基于二次曲线的模线设计方法，实现了通用航空飞行器的参数化外形建模。采用修正的牛顿流理论进行高超声速气动特性计算。在保持纵向稳定性的条件下，以升阻比和容积效率最大化为目标，建立通用航空飞行器气动布局多目标优化模型。应用基于小生境竞争排挤机制的多目标遗传算法求得优化模型的非劣解集。将物理规划设计方法与稳定、高效的粒子群优化算法相结合，有效地求解该优化模型的折衷解。优化结果表明本文的通用航空飞行器气动布局设计优化方法是有效的。     

基于Contourlet域Krawtchouk矩和改进粒子群的遥感图像匹配

为了进一步提高遥感图像匹配的精度和运算效率,提出了一种利用Contourlet变 换、Krawtchouk矩和改进粒子群的遥感图像匹配算法。在分别对参考图像和目标图像进行Co ntourlet分解的基础上,引入Krawtchouk矩来提取图像的局部特征,并利用改进的带极值扰 动的简化粒子群优化算法对低分辨率的遥感图像进行匹配操作,然后逐级上推,
最终实现全分辨率情况下遥感图像的匹配。实验结果表明,该算法与目前常用的遥感图像匹 配算法相比,不仅具有更高的匹配精度和运算效率,还有较强的鲁棒性。
     

数字全息测量超高速撞击碎片云实验研究

在中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)超高速碰撞中心(HIRC)7.6 mm超高速碰撞设备的基础上,搭建纳秒级脉冲激光数字全息系统。提出滤波片和衰减片组合布置,减弱超高速碰撞等离子体自发光、提高信噪比的方法。实验获得了2.25 mm铝球弹丸以4.0 km/s的速度撞击0.5 mm厚铝板形成碎片云的全息图。采用小波变换算法对碎片云全息图进行重建,得到超高速撞击碎片云的三维结构和碎片大小。碎片云的轮廓呈椭球型,分为碎片云的前端、核心和外壳,碎片主要分布在弹丸破碎形成的碎片云核心,存在大碎片,且分布较集中,对后板的损伤也严重