带气膜出流叶片前腔内表面冲击换热数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法对不同雷诺数下静止状态涡轮叶片前腔带气膜孔出流的冲击流动与换热特性进行了研究.分析了叶片前缘冲击流动产生的不同涡团对其内表面换热的作用机理.计算结果表明:相同雷诺数下,叶片前缘内表面气膜孔附近的换热强化比高于通道的平均值.随着雷诺数增加,换热强化比有所提高.冲击流动与通道流动耦合而形成的波浪形涡区,极大地扩展了冲击强化换热区域.气膜孔出流的抽吸作用对冲击流产生影响,进一步扩大了冷却空气在前缘内表面的覆盖范围.气膜腔叶根处纵向截面的涡团阻碍了冷气向叶根方向扩展,降低了冷却效率;而横向截面的涡团则促进冷气与壁面热气的掺混,提升了换热效果.      

高马赫数涡轮发动机射流预冷特性研究

射流预冷涡轮基发动机在高空高马赫数工作时对冷却水和液氧具有迫切的需求。本文以气液相变冷却机制为切入点，开展高空模拟试验进气预冷段内水-液氧射流冷却的数值分析，考虑真实雾滴颗粒运动的热力现象，基于欧拉-拉格朗日多相流方法解析气液两相热质传输过程，分析水-液氧混合射流对高马赫数涡轮发动机预冷段内流动及换热特性的影响规律。结果表明，水-液氧射流雾化蒸发的效果具有即时性，基于水雾-水蒸汽比热大和汽化焓高的特点，水雾浓度对主流总温降和总压恢复占主导性；而液氧浓度有利于降低湿空气的热流密度。在射流浓度2%-8%时，预冷段总压降系数为0.84%-1.27%，总温降系数范围为2.15%-15.12%，即温降范围为12.92K-90.89K。为平衡高空高马赫数时冷却水和液氧的需求，需控制水-液氧的射流比例，液氧射流量建议小于60%的总射流浓度。在“40%水-60%液氧”的射流比例时预冷段内流动和传热特性达到局部最优。在发动机物理转速不变时，射流冷却后预冷段内湿空气来流质量流量增幅0.22%-9.39%，其中空气和水蒸气含量的贡献份额分别约为71.8%和28.2%。因此，射流预冷有利于涡轮发动机在高马赫数时具有更高的加速度。     

用随机模型改进作战效能分析的纯概率模型

无论对战斗机还是对武器系统,沿任意一条航迹试图突破防区目标的生存概率或伤亡概率都是重要的效能指标。利用随机服务系统理论改进了这些效能指标的计算模型,改进后效能指标计算的准确程度显著地提高了。     

叶片前缘气膜冷却效率的实验研究

采用放大的半圆柱状表面模拟涡轮叶片前缘的形状,对叶片前缘多排圆柱形孔的气膜冷却效率进行了实验研究。测出了孔排区及其下游的局部冷却效率。研究了主流雷诺数及平均吹风比对冷却效率及二次流(冷气)出流轨迹的影响。实验参数范围是:主流雷诺数Re=42000～127000,平均吹风比M=0.8～2.0,测量分8个工况进行。      

热处理细化Ti46Al8.5Nb0.2W合金的铸态组织

用风冷（ＧＦＣ）／回火再加在１０００～１２００℃之间的循环热处理的方法对Ｔｉ４６Ａｌ８．５Ｎｂ０．２Ｗ 合金的铸态合金的组织细化进行了研究。结果表明：风冷（ＧＦＣ）／回火处理能快速地破碎Ｔｉ４６Ａｌ８．５Ｎｂ０．２Ｗ 合金的铸态组织,得到双态组织（ＤＭ）,并且组织比较均匀。循环热处理是在１０００～１２００℃之间进行,循环热处理能有效地阻止已经存在的γ晶粒的异常长大,并且能使空冷形成的亚稳层片迅速均匀地等轴化成ＮＧ组织。     

系统可靠性增长模型

根据系统在研制期间可靠性的变化规律,考虑维修、改进对系统可靠性的影响,引入改进效果系数,建立了一种基于虚拟工作时间的可修系统可靠性增长模型,可用于完全维修、不完全维修、最小维修和恶化维修.给出了故障强度函数和累积故障次数的表达式,以及模型参数的极大似然估计.算例表明:该模型分析结果与AM-SAA模型一致,且符合工程实际,其参数意义更明确.     

电磁脉冲武器产生的电磁效应分析

电磁脉冲武器是一种新兴的大规模电子杀伤武器,具有极高的军事应用价值。本文阐述了电磁脉冲武器的特点及高能电磁脉冲的形成过程,并对电磁脉冲武器的作战效能进行了较详细的分析。最后,介绍了预防电磁脉冲武器的措施。     

基于危害度航空发动机可靠性评估模型及应用

针对航空发动机可靠性指标评估的需要,提出了基于危害度故障统计分析模型.该模型考虑各故障样本对发动机危害性的影响,将出现的故障按照对发动机安全、性能、任务及维修等指标的影响进行等级分类,从故障的失效机理出发建立相应的分布模型,采用分布计算和二次分布等算法进行整体可靠性指标评估.应用该模型对英产和国产的2种同类型航空发动机进行了故障统计分析,计算了2种发动机的可靠性指标,并进行了对比分析.最后以累积工作时间和日历工作时间进行了故障的时间变化分析,提出了故障样本的时效性.      

Designing a power plant with highest efficiency:results from SFB 561

The goal of Collaborative Research Centre(SFB) 561 "thermally highly loaded,porous and cooled multi-layer systems for combined cycle power plants" is to expand the current technological and scientific knowledge on power plants in order to achieve total efficiencies of 65% in a combined cycle power plant in the year 2025.Therefore,the aero-thermomechanical,structural-mechanical,materials' scientific and production fundamentals for the development of steam and gas turbine components that are able to withstand highest thermal loads are being worked out within this SFB.This means for the gas turbine that combustion chamber outlet temperatures of 1520℃ at 1.7MPa are to be attained.In order to control these high temperatures,it is not only required to develop new materials' solutions,including thermal barrier coatings,but also to apply improved cooling techniques,as for example effusion cooling.This novel cooling concept is to be realised through open-porous structures.These structures can consist of drilled open-porous multi-layer systems or open-porous metallic foams.The development of graded multi-layer systems is also extremely important,as the grading will enable the use of coolant in dependence of the requirements.The live steam parameters in the high pressure turbine are expected to be increased up to approximately 700℃ with pressure of 30MPa.These elevated steam parameters can be encountered with Ni-base alloys,but this is a costly alternative,associated with many manufacturing difficulties.Therefore,the SFB proposes cooling the highly loaded turbines instead,as this would necessitate the application of far less Ni-base alloys.To protect the thermally highly loaded casing,a sandwich material consisting of two thin face sheets with a core of a woven wire mesh is used to cover the walls of the steam turbine casing.The current state of the research shows that by utilising innovative cooling technologies a total efficiency of 65% can be reached without exceeding the maximum allowable material temperature,thereby prolonging the life-span.      

Isothermal study of effusion cooling flows using a large eddy simulation approach

An isothermal numerical study of effusion cooling flow is conducted using a large eddy simulation(LES) approach.Two main types of cooling are considered,namely tangential film cooling and oblique patch effusion cooling.To represent tangential film cooling,a simplified model of a plane turbulent wall jet along a flat plate in quiescent surrounding fluid is considered.In contrast to a classic turbulent boundary layer flow,the plane turbulent wall jet possesses an outer free shear flow region,an inner near wall region and an interaction region,characterised by substantial levels of turbulent shear stress transport.These shear stress characteristics hold significant implications for RANS modelling,implications that also apply to more complex tangential film cooling flows with non-zero free stream velocities.The LES technique used in the current study provides a satisfactory overall prediction of the plane turbulent wall jet flow,including the initial transition region,and the characteristic separation of the zero turbulent shear stress and zero shear strain locations.Oblique effusion patch cooling is modelled using a staggered array of 12 rows of effusion holes,drilled at 30° to the flat plate surface.The effusion holes connect two channels separated by the flat plate.Specifically,these comprise of a channel representing the combustion chamber flow and a cooling air supply channel.A difference in pressure between the two channels forces air from the cooling supply side,through the effusion holes,and into the combustion chamber side.Air from successive effusion rows coalesces to form an aerodynamic film between the combustion chamber main flow and the flat plate.In practical applications,this film is used to separate the hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber liner.The numerical model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the injection,penetration,downstream decay,and coalescence of the effusion jets.In addition,the numerical model captures entrainment of the combustion chamber mainstream flow towards the wall by the presence of the effusion jets.Two contra-rotating vortices,with axes of rotation along the stream-wise direction,are predicted as a result of this entrainment.The presence and characteristics of these vortices are in good agreement with previous published research.