在轨目标逼近远程导引律设计

利用最优多脉冲方法,对目标航天器逼近过程的远程导引段轨道进行设计.基于Lawden主矢量理论,解决固定时间、燃料最省的逼近轨道问题.通过仿真分析了固定初始条件时燃料消耗量随着转移时间的变化关系.对于燃料和时间均有约束的情况,给出了求解燃料最省和时间最小的多目标优化问题的方法.这一研究对于评估具体任务的燃料消耗和转移时间有重要意义.     

How the astronomical aspects of climate science were settled? On the Milankovitch and Bacsák anniversaries,with lessons for today

It was 100 years ago (on August 7, 1920), that the comprehensive mathematical foundations of climate change research, written by a Serbian researcher, Milutin Milankovitch, were published. A later interpreter and developer of his results, Georg (in Hungarian: György) Bacsák (Pozsony/Pressburg/Bratislava, June 5, 1870 - Fonyód, March 4, 1970) was born 150 years ago and died at the age of one hundred, half a century ago. In this commemorative paper we look back to special circumstances in revealing the secrets of ice ages that had puzzled scientists for at least several centuries. Recently, after 100 years, the Milankovitch theory, including related short-term forcings (ranging from interannual, multidecadal to millennial timescales) has not only been confirmed, but its climate forcing mechanism has also been identified and proposed. Owing to the uniqueness of the problem, the science of the orbital forcing of climate change can be proclaimed to be essentially settled.     

Ariane 5 GTO debris mitigation using natural perturbations

GTO objects can potentially collide with operative satellites in LEO and GEO protected regions. Internationally accepted debris mitigation guidelines require that these objects exit these protected regions within 25?years, e.g. by re-entering and burning up in Earth’s atmosphere. In this paper, an inventory of the GTO debris generated from Ariane 5 launches in the period 2012–2017 is provided, and it is expected that none of these objects will re-enter within 25?years. For future launches, natural perturbations can be exploited to increase compliance with mitigation guidelines without the use of extra propellant or complex de-orbiting systems, which is attractive from an economic point of view. The lifetime of GTO objects is very sensitive to initial conditions and some environmental and body-related parameters, mainly due to the effect of solar gravity on the perigee altitude. As a consequence, the lifetime of a specific GTO object cannot be predicted accurately, but its probability of re-entering in less than 25?years can be estimated with proper accuracy by following a statistical approach. By propagating the orbits of over 800,000 simulated Ariane 5 GTO objects, it was found that the launch time leading to the highest probability of compliance with debris mitigation guidelines for GEO launches from Kourou corresponds to about 2 PM local time, regardless of the date of launch, which leads to compliance rates ranging from 60 to 100%. Current practice is to launch at around 5–9?PM, so a change in procedures would be required in order to reach a higher degree of compliance with debris mitigation guidelines, which was predicted to be on average below 20% for the objects generated in the period 2012–2017.     

DebrisWatch I: A survey of faint geosynchronous debris

Recent anomalies exhibited by satellites and rocket bodies have highlighted that a population of faint debris exists at geosynchronous (GEO) altitudes, where there are no natural removal mechanisms. Despite previous optical surveys probing to around 10–20 cm in size, regular monitoring of faint sources at GEO is challenging, thus our knowledge remains sparse. It is essential that we continue to explore the faint debris population using large telescopes to better understand the risk posed to active GEO satellites. To this end, we present photometric results from a survey of the GEO region carried out with the 2.54 m Isaac Newton Telescope in La Palma, Canary Islands. We probe to 21st visual magnitude (around 10 cm, assuming Lambertian spheres with an albedo of 0.1), uncovering 129 orbital tracks with GEO-like motion across the eight nights of dark-grey time comprising the survey. The faint end of our brightness distribution continues to rise until the sensitivity limit of the sensor is reached, suggesting that the modal brightness could be even fainter. We uncover a number of faint, uncatalogued objects that show photometric signatures of rapid tumbling, many of which straddle the limiting magnitude of our survey over the course of a single exposure, posing a complex issue when estimating object size. This work presents the first instalment of DebrisWatch, an ongoing collaboration between the University of Warwick and the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (UK) investigating the faint population of GEO debris.     

A Partially Orthogonal EnKF approach to atmospheric density estimation using orbital debris

A key requirement for accurate trajectory prediction and space situational awareness is knowledge of how non-conservative forces affect space object motion. These forces vary temporally and spatially, and are driven by the underlying behavior of space weather particularly in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Existing trajectory prediction algorithms adjust space weather models based on calibration satellite observations. However, lack of sufficient data and mismodeling of non-conservative forces cause inaccuracies in space object motion prediction, especially for uncontrolled debris objects. The uncontrolled nature of debris objects makes them particularly sensitive to the variations in space weather. Our research takes advantage of this behavior by utilizing observations of debris objects to infer the space environment parameters influencing their motion.The hypothesis of this research is that it is possible to utilize debris objects as passive, indirect sensors of the space environment. We focus on estimating atmospheric density and its spatial variability to allow for more precise prediction of LEO object motion. The estimated density is parameterized as a grid of values, distributed by latitude and local sidereal time over a spherical shell encompassing Earth at a fixed altitude of 400 km. The position and velocity of each debris object are also estimated. A Partially Orthogonal Ensemble Kalman Filter (POEnKF) is used for assimilation of space object measurements to estimate density.For performance comparison, the scenario characteristics (number of objects, measurement cadence, etc.) are based on a sensor tasking campaign executed for the High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model project. The POEnKF analysis details spatial comparisons between the true and estimated density fields, and quantifies the improved accuracy in debris object motion predictions due to more accurate drag force models from density estimates. It is shown that there is an advantage to utilizing multiple debris objects instead of just one object. Although the work presented here explores the POEnKF performance when using information from only 16 debris objects, the research vision is to utilize information from all routinely observed debris objects. Overall, the filter demonstrates the ability to estimate density to within a threshold of accuracy dependent on measurement/sensor error. In the case of a geomagnetic storm, the filter is able to track the storm and provide more accurate density estimates than would be achieved using a simple exponential atmospheric density model or MSIS Atmospheric Model (when calm conditions are assumed).     

自然形高空气球上升过程形状预测

为研究高空气球在上升过程中的形状变化以及蒙皮应力分布情况，并给气球的结构设计以及强度设计提供一定依据，本文建立了气球上升过程中的热力学模型，同时基于高空气球蒙皮材料具有非线性、黏弹性、各向异性和不能抗压等特点，通过简化气球几何模型，采用最小势能法预测自然形高空气球上升过程中的形状，并分析了气球上升过程中的应力分布情况，气球的应力极值出现在气球顶部和底部，而经向应力的数量级远大于纬向应力；还对比了不同充气量下、不同时刻下气球形状及应力分布情况，为气球设计及工程应用提供了有效计算 方法。     

天问一号环绕器中继轨道受摄共振特性分析

“天问一号”环绕器在环火中继轨道为“祝融”火星车提供中继服务时,星下点出现了过着陆点纬度时的经度先增大再减小的特殊漂移现象,需要对该现象产生的原因进行深入分析。基于摄动理论设计了一系列数值实验,提出了一种星下点过指定纬度时经度的简化计算方法;并结合对田谐项引力场位函数的解析推导发现,由于中继轨道周期与火星自转周期比接近1:3,导致3阶3次田谐项产生了轨道共振,从而使得半长轴长周期运动有着较为显著的振荡,进而与带谐项摄动联合导致了该特殊现象。研究揭示了“天问一号”环绕器的轨道共振现象,发现了高阶田谐项对非同步轨道上的环火卫星仍能产生较为明显的轨道共振现象。研究结果可为后续火星环绕探测任务轨道设计提供重要参考。     

分布式InSAR系统技术综述

概述分布式卫星干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）系统的定义、组成、工作体制、应用领域及特点。综述了4个典型的分布式卫星InSAR系统发展现状,分析了总体技术、编队控制、三同步和基线测量四项系统关键技术。讨论了分布式卫星InSAR系统的高分辨率与宽观测带、实时与准实时和多功能发展方向。针对可实现高分辨率与宽观测带的多通道技术,分析了相位中心个数与重频的关系,并以一发三收模式为例,设计分辨率1m、观测带宽度30km波位参数,并分析总结其技术难点。针对有望实现实时与准实时监视的中、高轨InSAR系统,分析了处理器带宽、合成孔径时间、天线尺寸、峰值功率和基线等参数与轨道高度的相互关系。以轨道高度30000km为例,设计分辨率5m、覆盖范围600km波位参数,分析并总结了系统的关键技术。     

Effect of Variable Selection on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization： a Flight Vehicle Example

Different multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) problems are formulated and compared. Two MDO formulations are applied to a sounding rocket in order to optimize the performance of the rocket. In the MDO of the referred vehicle, three disciplines have been considered,which are trajectory, propulsion and aerodynamics. A special design structure matrix is developed to assist data exchange between disciplines. This design process uses response surface method (RSM) for multidisciplinary optimization of the rocket. The RSM is applied to the design in two categories: the propulsion model and the system level. In the propulsion model, RSM deter-mines an approximate mathematical model of the engine output parameters as a function of design variables. In the system level, RSM fits a surface of objective function versus design variables. In the first MDO problem formulation, two design variables are selected to form propulsion discipline. In the second one, three new design variables from geometry are added and finally, an optimization method is applied to the response surface in the system level in order to find the best result. Application of the first developed multidisciplinary design optimization procedure increased accessible altitude (performance index) of the referred sounding rocket by twenty five percents and the second one twenty nine.     

异步牵引电机冷却设计的分析与验证

以某异步牵引电机为例,介绍了电机冷却系统设计的过程和主要原则。分析了电机内冷却介质的流动特性并提出改善流量分配的措施;通过对比电机定子绕组温升的计算值与试验值,验证了计算方法;详细分析了海拔高度对空气性质和电机绕组温升的影响,并阐述了在冷却设计时考虑运行环境因素的重要性。介绍的设计思路和结论对异步牵引电机的冷却设计具有一定的参考价值。