黑盒测试技术方法在大气数据计算机软件测试中的应用

软件测试是保证软件产品质量的一个重要手段,其中测试用例的设计是软件测试的关键。以大气数据计算机软件测试为例,详细介绍了软件黑盒测试的几种方法,用黑盒测试技术来设计切实可行的测试用例。实践证明,应用黑盒测试技术在大气数据计算机软件测试中设计测试用例,提高了测试效率,发现了软件问题,取得了较好的效果。     

Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a twisting solar polar coronal hole jet observed by SDO/AIA

We investigate the conditions under which the fluting ($m=2$), $m=3$, and $m=12$ magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes in a uniformly twisted flux tube moving along its axis become unstable in order to model the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability in a twisting solar coronal hole jet near the northern pole of the Sun. We employed the dispersion relations of MHD modes derived from the linearized MHD equations. We assumed real wavenumbers and complex angular wave frequencies, namely complex wave phse velocities. The dispersion relations were solved numerically at fixed input parameters (taken from observational data) and varying degrees of torsion of the internal magnetic field. It is shown that the stability of the modes depends upon five parameters: the density contrast between the flux tube and its environment, the ratio of the external and internal axial magnetic fields, the twist of the magnetic field lines inside the tube, the ratio of transverse and axial jet’s velocities, and the value of the Alfvén Mach number (the ratio of the tube axial velocity to Alfvén speed inside the flux tube). Using a twisting jet of 2010 August 21 by SDO/AIA and other observations of coronal jets we set the parameters of our theoretical model and have obtained that in a twisted magnetic flux tube of radius of $9.8$ Mm, at a density contrast of $0.474$ and fixed Alfvén Mach number of $?0.76$, for the three MHD modes there exist instability windows whose width crucially depends upon the internal magnetic field twist. It is found that for the considered modes an azimuthal magnetic field of $1.3$–$1.4$ G (computed at the tube boundary) makes the width of the instability windows equal to zero, that is, it suppress the KH instability onset. On the other hand, the times for developing KH instability of the $m=12$ MHD mode at instability wavelengths between 15 and 12 Mm turn out to be in the range of $1.9$–$4.7$ min that is in agreement with the growth rates estimated from the temporal evolution of the observed unstable jet’s blobs in their initial stage.     

MHD code using multi graphical processing units: SMAUG+

This paper introduces the Sheffield Magnetohydrodynamics Algorithm Using GPUs (SMAUG+), an advanced numerical code for solving magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) problems, using multi-GPU systems. Multi-GPU systems facilitate the development of accelerated codes and enable us to investigate larger model sizes and/or more detailed computational domain resolutions. This is a significant advancement over the parent single-GPU MHD code, SMAUG (Griffiths et al., 2015). Here, we demonstrate the validity of the SMAUG?+?code, describe the parallelisation techniques and investigate performance benchmarks. The initial configuration of the Orszag-Tang vortex simulations are distributed among 4, 16, 64 and 100?GPUs. Furthermore, different simulation box resolutions are applied: $1000\times 1000\text{,}2044\times 2044\text{,}4000\times 4000$ and $8000\times 8000$. We also tested the code with the Brio-Wu shock tube simulations with model size of 800 employing up to 10?GPUs. Based on the test results, we observed speed ups and slow downs, depending on the granularity and the communication overhead of certain parallel tasks. The main aim of the code development is to provide massively parallel code without the memory limitation of a single GPU. By using our code, the applied model size could be significantly increased. We demonstrate that we are able to successfully compute numerically valid and large 2D MHD problems.     

Transient flow characteristics and performance of a solid rocket motor with a pintle valve

The pintle valve is currently the most promising technology among all thrust control methods for solid rocket motors. Pintle structure and working condition play a critical role in the successful operation of a pintle motor. Here, 2D transient simulations of a pintle motor using dynamic meshing are performed. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved with the implementation of an RNG k–ε turbulence model. In cold flow test, emphasis is placed on the effect of pintle structure, and in hot flow test, emphasis is placed on the effect of propellant pressure exponent. Validation is performed first by comparing the present results with available cold-test experimental data. This shows that the transient simulations can provide good predictions for pintle motors with a relative error of less than 2% in terms of the chamber pressure. It can be found that, when the gas supply system is different, the working principles and conditions of pintle motors are different. The feedback process in propellant combustion has a significant impact on its operation and the effect on the pintle motor performance of different pintle structures is achieved by different variations in the equivalent throat area. Finally, the pressure exponent is an important parameter in hot flow test and changes of thrust in hot flow test are not monotonic, because changes in the flow field and motor performance are asynchronous.     

离心力对于旋转叶片表面积冰影响的数值模拟研究

为了加深对旋转叶片表面积冰现象的认识,发展了一种适用于旋转表面积冰预测的数学模型,并采用该模型研究了离心力对于旋转叶片表面积冰的影响。通过对积冰控制体内的由于撞击水滴形成的薄水膜流动的质量、动量和能量守恒进行分析,发展了旋转贴体非正交曲线坐标系下的积冰模型并给出了相应的计算方法。所发展模型的动量方程中考虑了离心力对水膜流动的影响,并且在能量方程中考虑了净流出水带走的能量。采用文献中旋翼表面的积冰试验结果对所发展的模型和计算方法进行了验证,所计算得到的冰厚与试验结果吻合较好,计算得到的冰厚精度相比于LWICE软件有所提高。计算结果还表明,离心力增大会导致水膜速度在叶片展向上的分量变大,致使流出控制体的水质量增加,最终导致冰厚在驻点附近略微变小。     

有关出气加速测试的两种实验设计

阐述了空间材料出气加速测试的概念、出气加速系数的定义;给出了加速系数与不同温度出气状态出气速率之间的关系,以及与不同温度出气状态出气时间之间的关系;提出了出气加速测试的两种实验设计,跃变温度测试法和常规测试法,并采用跃变法对近年所用某些星上材料做了加速出气测试;为验证实验设计的可行性,就同种材料同时做了6500余小时的非加速实际出气测试。测试结果表明:在1000余小时内加速与非加速测试的平均相对偏差为1.0%,在2000余小时内平均相对偏差为5.3%。从而肯定了加速测试实验设计的可行性。文中开列了有关实验过程和结果的图表。     

液体火箭发动机有无隔板的热态解数值模拟

用数值方法模拟了液体火箭发动机燃烧室内有无隔板两种情况的热态解。气相控制方程用欧拉坐标系下的Navier-Stokes方程组描述,液相控制方程在Lagrangian坐标系下进行描述。      

温度比对二维受限垂直射流穿透的影响

用数值方法研究了温度比对受限垂直射流穿透深度的影响。发现进口温度比是独立于动量比以外的重要影响参数。在一定的动量比下,冷射流垂直射入高温来流中,受热膨胀加速,动量较等温射流增加,从而穿透深度增加;热射流垂直穿入冷主流中,受冷却而减速,动量减少,导致穿透深度减小。      

二维粒子分离器的流场及分离效率的数值模拟

数值模拟了某型惯性粒子分离器(简称IPS)的二维有粘轴对称流场分布、及各种不同尺寸砂粒的轨迹及分离效率,采用贴体坐标网格,并将多连通域转换成单连通域,在任意非正交曲线坐标系下求解IPS的分叉流动、粒子运动轨迹和分离效率。计算与实验结果吻合良好,表明:本文所采用的方法和编制的程序能反映粒子分离器的主要特征。