金属材料损伤分析中的物理冶金分析技术

综述了金属材料损伤分析中常用的五类物理冶金分析技术：组织结构分析技术;物理性能分析技术;化学成分分析技术;残余应力分析技术及原位分析技术。基于各类分析技术在金属材料损伤分析中的应用展开了详细讨论,并详细对比分析了各类分析技术在损伤分析应用中的优势和局限性,同时针对损伤分析过程中各类分析技术的选择和使用提出了基本的思路。     

Recent progress of residual stress measurement methods: A review

Residual stress is one of the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of materials, such as their strength, plasticity and surface integrity. For instance, tensile stress conditions can adversely affect material performance or component life, while compressive stress conditions can improve material fatigue strength. During the processing of integrated aviation structures, machining deformation caused by residual stress has become one of the most prominent manufacturing problems. Therefore, it is very important to measure and evaluate the stress for real applications. This paper reviews the research of residual stress measurement methods over the past five years by classifying them according to the measurement methods appearing in each stage. The existing problems and difficulties of each measurement technology are summarized, and future trends are forecasted. This paper provides a reference for further in-depth study of residual stress measurement technologies.     

马来酸酐接枝壳聚糖的合成与表征

本文采用硝酸铈铵为引发剂,合成了壳聚糖与马来酸酐的接枝共聚物。固定引发剂浓度1.5mmol/L,通过正交实验对合成工艺条件进行了优化,最佳合成工艺条件为反应温度90℃,反应时间3h,壳聚糖与马来酸酐摩尔比为1∶2,pH=6。并对接枝共聚物进行了红外光谱与紫外光谱表征。     

空间临近目标行为辨识方法

针对侦察卫星通过变轨等方式抵近目标的对天观测行为,提出了一种基于视觉特性的临近目标行为辨识方法。通过对序列图中抵近目标上特征点进行跟踪以得到其轨迹变化;针对目标可能存在的异常行为在图像当中的表征进行分析,结合已得信息构建特征参数并对目标行为进行判断;最后通过试验对辨识算法进行验证。试验结果表明：该算法能对不同光照条件下的连续图像进行处理,实现对临近目标通过主体姿态变化进行对天侦察行为的有效辨识。     

涡轮叶片合金筏化量化表征及寿命退化研究

针对单晶/定向凝固涡轮叶片服役过程中微观组织筏化及其造成的叶片力学性能劣化问题,发展了一种基于旋转割线方法的微结构筏化参数提取方法,并提出筏化状态的量化表征因子。对不同组织筏化和粗化状态的定向凝固高温合金开展高温低周疲劳试验,建立了量化筏化状态和合金疲劳寿命退化的映射关系。结果表明:无论是粗化还是筏化都会造成合金疲劳寿命的大幅劣化,所建立的镍基高温合金筏化量化因子能够有效地表征合金疲劳寿命的衰减。     

高Nb-TiAl合金粉的制备及其特性

采用等离子束熔炼工艺制备了名义成分为Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.02Y (at%) 的大尺寸铸锭,经机加工后,采用无坩埚感应加热连续Ar气雾化工艺制备出合金粉,并研究了其特性.结果表明,大尺寸高Nb-TiAl合金铸锭为全片层组织,主要存在三种微观偏析:β相、硼化物和氧化钇.高Nb-TiAl合金粉的粒度主要分布在100～200μm;氧含量随着合金粉的粒度变细而逐渐增大;氮含量不随合金粉粒度的变化而变化;另外,还存在极少量的碳.高Nb-TiAl合金粉的相组成与粒度密切相关,-200目粉只存在α2相,随着粒度变粗,γ相逐渐增多,α2相逐渐减少.高Nb-TiAl合金粉的表面和内部组织均呈枝状;内部组织存在四种成分偏析,随着粒度变细,偏析细化.     

树脂基复合材料孔隙率超声表征技术研究

利用超声衰减的原理,运用超声C-扫描成像技术超声表征评定树脂基复合材料的孔隙大小,进而评定材料的力学性能情况,结合解剖试验建立了树脂基复合材料超声衰减、孔隙率和力学性能的关系曲线,探索了一种超声表征评定树脂基复合材料的孔隙情况及力学性能的方法.     

对苯二胺功能化多壁碳纳米管的制备与表征

通过将浓硫酸和浓硝酸处理过的多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）与SOCl2回流进而与对苯二胺（p-PDA）反应,得到了p-PDA功能化的多壁碳纳米管（p-MWNTs）。首次采用Raman光谱、X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、热重分析（TGA）对p-MWNTs的结构和性能进行研究。结果表明：化学修饰过程没有过多地降低p-MWNTs表面石墨片层的结构规整度,苯胺基团以3.7%的表面含量通过酰胺键连接到p-MWNTs表面;p-MWNTs在200-500℃范围内热失重9.47%,间接地证明了苯胺基团通过化学键连接在p-MWNTs的表面;经化学修饰反应后,有较多的缺陷和不导电的有机官能团分布在p-MWNTs表面,但p-MWNTs仍具有71.69 S/cm的室温电导率。     

Vibrations characterization in milling of low stiffness parts with a rubber-based vacuum fixture

Fixtures are a critical element in machining operations as they are the interface between the part and the machine. These components are responsible for the precise part location on the machine table and for the proper dynamic stability maintenance during the manufacturing operations. Although these two features are deeply related, they are usually studied separately. On the one hand, diverse adaptable solutions have been developed for the clamping of different variable geometries. Parallelly, the stability of the part has been long studied to reduce the forced vibration and the chatter effects, especially on thin parts machining operations typically performed in the aeronautic field, such as the skin panels milling. The present work proposes a commitment between both features by the presentation of an innovative vacuum fixture based on the use of a vulcanized rubber layer. This solution presents high flexibility as it can be adapted to different geometries while providing a proper damping capacity due to the viscoelastic and elastoplastic behaviour of these compounds. Moreover, the sealing properties of these elastomers provide the perfect combination to transform a rubber layer into a flexible vacuum table. Therefore, in order to validate the suitability of this fixture, a test bench is manufactured and tested under uniaxial compression loads and under real finish milling conditions over AA2024 part samples. Finally, a roughness model is proposed and analysed in order to characterize the part vibration sources.     

二(2,2-二硝基丙基)硝胺的合成及热性能

以2,2-二硝基丙醇为原料,经缩合、硝化反应合成了二(2,2-二硝基丙基)硝胺(BDNPN)。用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对中间体及目标化合物的结构进行了表征。优化了反应条件,硝化反应的最佳条件为nBDNPA:nHNO3=1∶30,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为1 h,收率92.1%。用DSC和TG-DTG考察了目标化合物的热性能。结果表明,BDNPN的热分解峰温为212.3℃,具有较好的热稳定性。