FC72-氮气混合气体流动冷凝效率研究

混合气体（可凝蒸气与不可凝气体）相对于纯可凝蒸气,其流动冷凝过程更为复杂,冷凝效率受不可凝气体的浓度及冷凝温度影响.为对空间任务蒸发冷凝实验平台排放的废气FC72进行清理回收,针对所研制的FC72气液分离与收集器,在地面环境下对不同浓度的混合气体在不同冷凝温度下进行了流动冷凝效率实验.结果表明,对于FC72与氮气的混合气体,当冷凝器温度一定时,随着FC72浓度的增加,该气液分离与收集器的冷凝效率提高.在冷凝器温度约为-10℃,FC72浓度高于70%时,流动冷凝效率达到80%以上;当冷凝器温度降低至约-13℃,FC72浓度高于30%时,流动冷凝效率达到70%以上;当冷凝器温度降至约-15℃,FC72浓度高于20%时,流动冷凝速率均达到60%以上.     

气体渗碳过程的动态控制

利用气体渗碳物质传递数学模型来仿真计算碳浓度分布，并根据计算结果在计算机上拟合出碳浓度与时间、温度、气氛碳势之间的关系式，此关系式对气体渗碳的动态控制具有指导意义。     

The Genesis Solar Wind Concentrator Target: Mass Fractionation Characterised by Neon Isotopes

The concentrator on Genesis provided samples of increased fluences of solar wind ions for precise determination of the oxygen isotopic composition. The concentration process caused mass fractionation as a function of the radial target position. This fractionation was measured using Ne released by UV laser ablation and compared with modelled Ne data, obtained from ion-trajectory simulations. Measured data show that the concentrator performed as expected and indicate a radially symmetric concentration process. Measured concentration factors are up to ∼30 at the target centre. The total range of isotopic fractionation along the target radius is 3.8%/amu, with monotonically decreasing ²⁰Ne/²²Ne towards the centre, which differs from model predictions. We discuss potential reasons and propose future attempts to overcome these disagreements.     

混合气体流动的一种数值模拟方法

本文建立一个数值模拟完全气体混合流动的理论模型.该模型首先应用混合气体的Euler方程和每种气体组分的质量分数方程来控制流动.为了消除混合网格内气体组分界面附近出现的非物理振荡,我们假定混合气体的每种组分达到了动力学平衡状态然而尚未达到热力学平衡状态.这种思想导致需要另外给定每种气体组分的总能量方程.为使用高分辨格式来求解这组双曲型偏微分方程并且简化对所需要的Jacobi矩阵的推导,混合气体的压力方程也被耦合起来.Godunov型的波传播方法被采用来离散求解所获得的控制方程.从典型算例结果来看,一维问题的数值解与精确解一致,二维问题的数值解与理论分析一致.这说明本文的理论模型是合理的.     

激光击穿不同气体的激光推进实验研究

为了研究激光击穿气体工质的机理,通过测量冲量耦合系数,比较了激光在不同压强下击穿不同惰性单原子气体(氩气、氦气)的效果,试验结果表明:原子序数较大的无机气体原子可以电离出更多的电子,从而击穿阈值更低,激光能量转化为爆轰波能量的能量转化效率更高,冲量耦合系数就越大,同样条件下更容易击穿。推进剂气体不同,冲量耦合系数差别较大。测量摆角对结果的影响也较大。     

宁强陨石（CV3）稀有气体的研究

宁强陨石的岩石学、矿物学及化学组成的研究表明,宁强陨石属于异常的CV3碳质球粒陨石,稀有气体和宇宙射线暴露年龄的测定结果与岩石学及化学组成的研究结果是一致的,宁强陨石的宇宙射线暴露年龄为42.2Ma,在CV3球粒陨石中是最高的,U/Th-4He及40K-40Ar气体保存年龄分别为4170±160Ma和4260±70Ma,这与碳质球粒陨石的气体保存年龄为4200Ma是一致的.     

Integration of lessons from recent research for “Earth to Mars” life support systems

Development of reliable and robust strategies for long-term life support for planetary exploration must be built from real-time experimentation to verify and improve system components. Also critical is incorporating a range of viable options to handle potential short-term life system imbalances. This paper revisits some of the conceptual framework for a Mars base prototype which has been developed by the authors along with others previously advanced (“Mars on Earth^®”) in the light of three years of experimentation in the Laboratory Biosphere, further investigation of system alternatives and the advent of other innovative engineering and agri-ecosystem approaches. Several experiments with candidate space agriculture crops have demonstrated the higher productivity possible with elevated light levels and improved environmental controls. For example, crops of sweet potatoes exceeded original Mars base prototype projections by an average of 46% (53% for best crop) ultradwarf (Apogee) wheat by 9% (23% for best crop), pinto bean by 13% (31% for best crop). These production levels, although they may be increased with further optimization of lighting regimes, environmental parameters, crop density etc. offer evidence that a soil-based system can be as productive as the hydroponic systems which have dominated space life support scenarios and research. But soil also offers distinct advantages: the capability to be created on the Moon or Mars using in situ space resources, reduces long-term reliance on consumables and imported resources, and more readily recycling and incorporating crew and crop waste products. In addition, a living soil contains a complex microbial ecosystem which helps prevent the buildup of trace gases or compounds, and thus assist with air and water purification. The atmospheric dynamics of these crops were studied in the Laboratory Biosphere adding to the database necessary for managing the mixed stands of crops essential for supplying a nutritionally adequate diet in space. This paper explores some of the challenges of small bioregenerative life support: air-sealing and facility architecture/design, balance of short-term variations of carbon dioxide and oxygen through staggered plantings, options for additional atmospheric buffers and sinks, lighting/energy efficiency engineering, crop and waste product recycling approaches, and human factor considerations in the design and operation of a Mars base. An “Earth to Mars” project, forging the ability to live sustainably in space (as on Earth) requires continued research and testing of these components and integrated subsystems; and developing a step-by-step learning process.     

利用WACCM-3模式对平流层动力、热力场及微量化学成分季节变化的数值模拟研究

利用美国NCAR最新的化学-气候耦合模式WACCM-3对平流层风场、温度场以及平流层臭氧等多种微量气体成分(O3, CH4, N2O, H2O, HCl, HNO3)的季节变化进行了数值模拟, 并使用ECMWF再分析资料与美国UARS卫星 搭载的HALOE, MLS, CLAES等探测器的观测资料, 对模式输出的动力、热力及化学成分浓度的气候平均值进行了验证. 结果表明, 在气候平均海表温度值驱动下, WACCM-3模式能够很好地再现ECMWF资料中平流层纬向平均风场与温度场的季节变化. 模拟结果中平流层化学成分的经向-垂直分布及其季节变化与卫星观测结果基本一致. 模式的动力、热力场在极地平流层以及热带对流层顶等区域存在一定的偏差. 这些偏差对于微量气体成分分布 的模拟具有一定影响, 特别是南半球冬(7月)、春(10月)季节南极平流层低层极夜 急流偏强, 造成极地地区附近的输送障碍增强, 从而导致CH4, N2O, H2O浓度比观测偏低. 此外, WACCM-3缺少热带平流层风场的准两年振荡(QBO) 机制, 这对于热带平流层东风急流以及低纬度平流层O3, CH4, N2O, H2O等成分经向输送的模拟结果也有一定影响.     

Solar and Solar-Wind Composition Results from the Genesis Mission

The Genesis mission returned samples of solar wind to Earth in September 2004 for ground-based analyses of solar-wind composition, particularly for isotope ratios. Substrates, consisting mostly of high-purity semiconductor materials, were exposed to the solar wind at L1 from December 2001 to April 2004. In addition to a bulk sample of the solar wind, separate samples of coronal hole (CH), interstream (IS), and coronal mass ejection material were obtained. Although many substrates were broken upon landing due to the failure to deploy the parachute, a number of results have been obtained, and most of the primary science objectives will likely be met. These objectives include He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe isotope ratios in the bulk solar wind and in different solar-wind regimes, and ¹⁵N/¹⁴N and ¹⁸O/¹⁷O/¹⁶O to high precision. The greatest successes to date have been with the noble gases. Light noble gases from bulk solar wind and separate solar-wind regime samples have now been analyzed. Helium results show clear evidence of isotopic fractionation between CH and IS samples, consistent with simplistic Coulomb drag theory predictions of fractionation between the photosphere and different solar-wind regimes, though fractionation by wave heating is also a possible explanation. Neon results from closed system stepped etching of bulk metallic glass have revealed the nature of isotopic fractionation as a function of depth, which in lunar samples have for years deceptively suggested the presence of an additional, energetic component in solar wind trapped in lunar grains and meteorites. Isotope ratios of the heavy noble gases, nitrogen, and oxygen are in the process of being measured.     

高温流动系统内置辐射板强化传热的研究

高温气流换热通道中，沿气流方向插入辐射板，可利用板的热辐射增强换热。本文利用辐射与对流联合作用的非耦合模型，进行了数值计算，并在最高气温为９００℃的高温风洞上进行了实验研究。理论与实验结果吻合良好。文中对入口温度、风速及板数等因素的影响作了分析。