T型尾翼风洞颤振实验保护装置绕流特性分析

采用SST两方程湍流模型,通过求解非定常Navier-Stokes（N-S）方程,对T型尾翼风洞实验流场进行了模拟,分析了保护装置对T型尾翼风洞实验流场的影响,研究了保护装置几何外形和保护装置基座后移距离对流场影响。通过对平尾气动力的分析以及对非定常流场的对比,可以得出：采用NACA系列翼型对基座进行气动整流后,基座两侧局部超声速区显著减小,局部激波减弱甚至消失,流场品质得到改善。且采用NACA0010翼型对基座修形后的结果最理想。随着保护装置基座后移距离的增加,平尾气动力均方根值和波动值先是急剧减小,达到0.85倍平均气动弦长后开始有所增大,在2.45～4.05倍平均气动弦长范围基本不再变化,稳定到单独T型尾翼模型相应系数1倍左右。此结论对T型尾翼风洞颤振实验保护装置设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Numerical investigation on jet interaction with a compression ramp

A numerical investigation on jet interaction in supersonic laminar flow with a compres- sion ramp is performed utilizing the AUSMDV scheme and a parallel solver. Several parameters dominating the interference flowfield are studied after defining the relative increment of normal force and the jet amplification factor as the evaluation criterion of jet control performance. The computational results show that most features of the interaction flowfield between the transverse jet and the ramp are similar to those between a jet and a flat plate, except that the flow structures are more complicated and the low-pressure region behind the jet is less extensive. The relative force increment and the jet amplification factor both increase with the distance between the jet and the ramp shortening till quintuple jet diameters. Inconspicuous difference is observed between the jet-before-ramp and jet-on-ramp cases. The variation of the injection angle changes the extent of the separation region, the plateau pressure, and the peak pressure near the jet. In the present computational conditions, 120 is indicated relatively optimal among all the injection angles studied. For cold gas simulations, although little influence of the jet temperature on the pressure distribution near the jet is observed under the computation model and the flow parameters studied, reducing jet temperature somehow benefits the improvement of the normal force and the jet efficiency. When the pressure ratio of jet to freestream is fixed, the relative force increment varies little when increasing the freestream Mach number, while the jet amplification factor increases.     

基于 PIV 速度场测量重构压强场的研究进展

利用PIV测量得到的速度场数据重构空间压强场是一种新颖的压强测量方法。目前国外的一些仿真计算和风洞实验已经证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。本文首先详细介绍了基于PIV速度场测量重构压强场的基本原理--两种压强梯度计算方法（拉格朗日方法和欧拉方法）和两种压强积分方法（平面 Poisson 法和直接空间积分法）,然后从速度场测量、压强梯度计算和压强分布计算3个方面综述了基于PIV速度场测量重构空间压强场的关键技术及相关的研究进展,最后从 PIV 速度测量的改进、参数的优化设置、算法的改进与创新、探索并完善3D压强分布计算、可压缩流动条件下的压强重构技术等5个方面探讨了该方法的发展方向,以期引起国内同行对该技术的高度重视并为其进一步发展提供一定的参考。     

Interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock in hypersonic flow

Pressure sensing and schlieren imaging with high resolution and sensitivity are applied to the study of the interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock at Mach 5. An Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.06 lm, 100 mJ pulse energy is used to break down the hypersonic flow in a shock tunnel. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved with an upwind scheme to simulate the interaction. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body is measured and calculated to examine the pressure variation during the interaction. Schlieren imaging is used in conjunction with the calculated density gradients to examine the process of the interaction. The results show that the experimental pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body and schlieren imaging fit well with the simulation. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body will increase when the transmission shock approaches the blunt body and decrease with the formation of the rarefied wave. Bow shock is deformed during the interaction. Quasi-stationary waves are formed by high rate laser energy deposition to control the bow shock. The pressure and temperature at the stagnation point on the blunt body and the wave drag are reduced to 50%, 75% and 81% respectively according to the simulation. Schlieren imaging has provided important information for the investigation of the mechanism of the interaction.     

以风轮气动性能为目标的风力机翼型优化设计

提出了一种优化风力机翼型气动特性的设计方法。在现有风力机翼型的基础上,通过改变其最大厚度位置至后缘部分的外形进行优化计算。采用N-S方程计算翼型的流场及气动特性,以提高风力机切向力同时减小其法向力为目的,用二维线性插值的方法进行多目标优化。以DU 93W 210翼型为例,针对风力机翼型气动性能本身的矛盾性,根据实际需求提出几种方案加以优化。结果表明,在不同的性能需求下,本文所提出的设计方法能取得较好的效果。     

动力干扰下宽体客机机翼多目标优化设计

在机翼/机身/吊挂/动力短舱（WBPN）构型中开展了宽体客机机翼外形多目标优化设计。通过对动力短舱流场的动量积分，分析了直接用壁面积分"阻力"作为机体外形减阻优化设计目标函数的合理性。计算研究了短舱/吊挂的安装，以及发动机喷流对翼吊布局宽体客机机翼的干扰作用，展示了同时在安装效应和喷流干扰下设计机翼外形的重要性。运行搭建于超级计算机上的优化系统，求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程计算流场，实现了动力干扰下机翼外形的三点三目标优化设计。在80 h内，完成了近20 000个方案的计算评估，遗传优化近40代。所选的最优方案阻力发散性能明显提高，自动优化后的人工修形设计使机翼剖面展向过渡和压力分布形态更为理想。动力构型下取得的减阻效果，在通气短舱构型下亦得到验证和确认。     

用于非定常粘性流动计算的无网格算法(英文)

把无网格算法发展用于求解涉及动边界的非定常粘性流动问题。在处理粘性流动的布点问题时,通过在远离物面的区域采用无粘流动计算时所用的各向同性点云,而在物面附近引入各向异性点云,从而在保证物面法线方向布点较密以准确模拟边界层的同时,有效控制了布点总量,减少了计算时间。对于动边界问题,本文在上述方法获得的初始布点的基础上,采用基于扰动衰减规律的点云移动技术,快速得到物面运动到其他位置时流场求解所需点云。在所获得的点云上,采用一种带权系数的二次极小曲面逼近方法来离散Navier-Stokes方程的空间导数,权系数的引入使得流场求解时对各向同性点云和各向异性点云无需分开考虑,而是采用统一的求解方法,从而简化了编程求解。用发展的无网格算法,结合Navier-Stokes方程求解双时间推进方法,并耦合Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,先成功地模拟出NLR7301翼型后缘摆动诱发的非定常流,并通过与实验比较,验证了本方法.接着进行了NACA0012失速模拟,给出了动态失速过程,展示出用本文方法处理复杂动边界问题的效果。     

基于IPDG方法的嵌套网格技术

在内罚间断伽辽金（IPDG）方法框架内应用嵌套网格技术求解了二维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程。通过把黏性通量作为辅助变量实现了Navier-Stokes方程的降阶,继而用间断有限元方法进行离散得到空间半离散方程。时间推进采用Newton-Krylov隐式方法。利用库埃特流动精确解验证了该方法的精度。在此基础上,对包括有黏NACA0012翼型绕流、定常和非定常的圆柱绕流在内的若干典型测试算例开展数值模拟,进一步验证了该方法的鲁棒性和可靠性。在嵌套网格中应用了h型网格自适应技术用于提高激波分辨率,对NACA0012翼型无黏跨声速绕流开展数值模拟,结果表明：自适应之后的单元数相比无自适应时只增加了8.4%,但是激波分辨率得到了显著提高,激波附近的计算结果也与实验值符合得更好,从而验证了该方法的有效性。     

倾转旋翼典型飞行状态气动特性的CFD分析

针对倾转旋翼特有的悬停、巡航、过渡3种飞行模式,基于CFD方法分别对倾转旋翼的上述3种典型飞行状态进行了数值模拟.首先,基于运动嵌套网格思想建立了适合倾转旋翼运动模拟的多层运动嵌套网格系统.然后,基于RANS(Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes)方程建立了适用于非定常流场分析的CFD模拟方法.为了提高整个流场的计算效率,时间推进采用高效的隐式LU-SGS(lower upper symmetric Gauss Seidel)方法,并运用SPMD(single program multiple data)并行计算模式.最后,采用所建立的网格生成方法和流场求解器,进行了不同飞行状态下的倾转旋翼气动特性数值分析,验证了建立CFD方法的有效性并得出了多种飞行状态下的气动特性.结果表明:悬停状态下倾转旋翼相对于直升机旋翼有更加明显的下洗流影响区域.巡航状态两旋翼中心间距为2.5R时,倾转旋翼之间存在明显的气动干扰.过渡状态下,倾转旋翼提供的拉力在倾转角为45°前下降较快,且在倾转角较小时,倾转旋翼桨叶表面拉力分布仍能表现出直升机旋翼的特性.      

Numerical simulations of high enthalpy flows around entry bodies

Ablation flows around entry bodies are at highly nonequilibrium states. This paper presents comprehensive computational fluid dynamics simulations of such hypersonic flow examples.The computational scheme adopted in this study is based on the Navier–Stokes equations, and it is capable of simulating multiple-dimensional, non-equilibrium, chemically reacting gas flows with multiple species. Finite rate chemical reactions, multiple temperature relaxation processes, and ionizations phenomena with electrons are modeled. Simulation results of several hypersonic gas flows over axisymmetric bodies are presented and compared with results in the literature. It confirms that some past treatment of adopting less species for hypersonic flows is acceptable, and the differences from more species and more chemical reactions are not significant.