扰流片快速张开诱发的非定常升力过冲

通过数值求解二维非定常可压N-S方程,研究了二维翼型上扰流片快速张开诱发的复杂非定常流动问题.利用动态重叠网格方法处理扰流片和主翼相对移动,分析了扰流片快速张开诱发的升力过冲现象及其形成机理.着重探讨了来流攻角和扰流片高度对过冲量的影响.     

Aerodynamic/aeroacoustic variable-fidelity optimization of helicopter rotor based on hierarchical Kriging model

Rotor noise is one of the most important reasons for restricting helicopter development; hence, the optimization design of rotor blade considering aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance at the same time has always been the focus of research attention. For complex rotor design problems with a large number of design variables, the efficiency of the traditional Kriging model needs to be improved. Thus, Hierarchical Kriging (HK) model is employed in this study for rotor optimization design. By using the validated RANS solver and acoustic method based on the FW–H_pds equation, an efficient aerodynamic/aeroacoustic optimization method for high-dimensional problem of rotors in hover based on HK model is developed. By using present HK model and new infill-sampling criteria, the number of design variables is increased from less than 20–53. Results of two analytical function test cases show that the HK model is efficient and accurate in calculation. Subsequently, the helicopter rotor blade is optimally designed for aerodynamic/aeroacoustic performance in hover based on the HK model with high dimensional design variables. The objective function is adopted to improve the rotational noise characteristics by reducing the absolute peak of the acoustic pressure. In addition, the constraints of thrust, hover efficiency, solidity, and airfoils thickness are strictly satisfied. Optimization results show that the Kriging model finds the objective of reducing the noise by 2.87 dB after 248 iterations while the HK model does it only after 164 iterations. The optimization efficiency of the HK model is significantly higher than that of the traditional Kriging model. In the case analyzed, the HK model saves 35% of the time used by the Kriging model.     

Nb-38Ti-12Al 高温合金的氧化行为

利用已经制备的Nb-38Ti-12Al合金铸锭,将其加工为厚度为0.50 mm的板材,并通过X射线衍射分析(XRD)、金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、箱式电阻炉、分析天平等方法研究了合金在1 200℃下发生氧化反应后氧化膜出现的分层现象,通过计算单位面积内合金氧化增重质量,绘制出合金氧化增重曲线,并利用合金内氧化层厚度计算出在1 000℃和1 200℃的内氧化动力学方程,分别为x1.228=34.50t和x1.480=288.73t。     

Using only observation station data for PPP ambiguity resolution by UPD estimation

This article proposes a new method for uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) estimation to improve the accuracy of precise point positioning (PPP), which uses only observation station data. This means that the station used to generate the UPDs is the same station to which they are applied. First, dual-frequency observation equations based on a raw PPP model are developed. Then, the UPDs are calculated from integer linear combinations of float ambiguities. Third, with the UPD corrections, the least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment (LAMBDA) method is utilized to obtain the integer ambiguities. Since only observation station data are used for UPD estimation, the partial ambiguity resolution (PAR) method is adopted to increase the possibility of finding a subset of integer ambiguities. The UPD estimation and ambiguity resolution are performed in each epoch. To obtain the correct integer ambiguity, the ratio test and success rate (bootstrapping) are used to evaluate the estimated integer ambiguity. Finally, by treating the integer ambiguities as constants, fixed solutions can be obtained. Quality control is also applied throughout the entire data processing procedure to obtain high quality float and fixed solutions. Data from 22 stations of the International Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Service (IGS) in East Asia on day of year (DOY) 206, 2017, are used to verify the feasibility of this method. The experimental results show that compared with the float solution, the proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy in the east, north and up directions by 24%, 21% and 18% for static PPP and 36%, 18% and 34% for dynamic PPP, respectively. However, the accuracy of the proposed method is still lower than that of the fixed solutions obtained by the PRIDE-PPPAR software, in which the fractional cycle bias is computed based on reference network data. These findings sufficiently show that the proposed method can offer better solution accuracy than the float solution. However, the quality of the UPDs estimated only from observation station data is not as good as that of the estimates obtained based on reference network data.     

基于Navier-Stokes方程的旋翼前飞状态气动特性数值模拟研究

建立了一个适用于旋翼前飞状态非定常流场和气动载荷计算的数值方法。在该方法中,控制方程为惯性坐标系下的三维非定常Navier-Stokes方程,空间方向上将三阶逆风格式(MUSCL)与通量差分分裂方法相结合。为较好地模拟流动分离,采用了一方程的Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,时间方向则采用双时间法推进求解。为计入桨叶的旋转、周期性挥舞和变距运动,采用了运动嵌套网格方法。此外,为了更真实地反映旋翼桨叶的实际运动,发展了一个旋翼配平分析模型及求解方法。应用所建立的方法,首先计算了具有先进气动外形的四片桨叶的UH-60A直升机旋翼悬停状态的流场及气动性能,验证了该方法对悬停状态旋翼气动性能数值模拟的有效性。在此基础上,着重对Caradonna模型旋翼无升力前飞状态和AH-1G直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰前飞状态的气动特性(表面压强分布、扭矩、气动载荷)进行了计算,数值结果和试验值吻合良好,表明本文建立的CFD方法对旋翼前飞状态流场的模拟和气动载荷的计算是有效的。     

基于预处理和网格自适应的风力机翼型气动力计算

用预处理后的Navier-Stokes方程数值模拟低马赫数下风力机翼型的静态和动态绕流流动。为了提高计算的精度,运用了网格自适应技术:初始网格的流场计算收敛后,采用流场速度的紊乱度捕捉湍流区域;采用直接分裂初始父单元的H型网格加密方法对湍流区域进行局部加密。基于初始网格与自适应网格的计算结果与实验结果的对比表明,网格自适应方法提高了计算的精度。     

抛物化Navier-Stokes方程在求解高超声速流动稳定性分析 的基本流中的应用

通过在边界层内部使用边界层上缘的流向压力梯度代替该处的流向压力梯度,对传统抛物化Navier-Stokes(PNS)方程求解中的流向压力梯度的处理方法进行改进,从而使它可以求解用于稳定性分析的高超声速流动的基本流,并分别计算了平板、零攻角钝锥和小攻角钝锥三种典型算例.对于流向没有分离,且横向流动不强的流动,使用PNS方程计算高超声速流动稳定性分析用的基本流是可靠的.特别是改进后的方法求得的基本流的稳定性分析结果与直接求解Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程的结果非常吻合,但计算的时间消耗和空间占用都减少了一个数量级.     

民机翼梢小翼气动特性数值模拟分析研究

针对某民机翼身组合体加装不同翼梢小翼——融合式翼梢小翼和翼尖涡扩散器进行对比分析。用软件ICEM生成原始翼身组合体及加装不同小翼的翼身组合体的点对点对接多块网格技术生成高质量的数值计算网格,运用Roe三阶迎风偏置通量差分裂方法和隐式近似因子分解方法求解雷诺平均N-S方程。对两种不同翼梢小翼在巡航点进行数值模拟,得到合理的翼稍小翼几何参数;对比升阻特性数据,两种翼梢小翼都可以提高升力系数,减少阻力系数。相对原始翼身组合体,融合式翼梢小翼升阻比增加9%,翼尖涡扩散器升阻比增加6%;但翼尖涡扩散器在力矩特性上有较大优势。所得结论对民用飞机翼稍小翼设计工作具有较大的工程应用价值。     

高原机场飞机起飞滑跑距离计算

为了确定飞机在高原机场的起飞滑跑距离,利用飞参软件采样数据计算出真实起飞滑跑距离,通过求解超定线性方程组,得出起飞滑跑距离误差修正系数值,并对结果进行验证。本文研究成果为飞机在高原机场起飞提供一定的理论参考。     

基于 N-S 方程的飞机风挡雨刷气动力计算

风挡雨刷在飞行过程中易出现被气流吹离复位位置、飘起现象,阻碍飞行员视野,严重影响飞行安全。选取某型机风挡雨刷作为优化对象,采用了结构、非结构混合网格的办法,在机身壁面附近生成结构化网格,在雨刷机构表面生成非结构化网格,用 Interface 面将两部分结合生成雨刷最终计算模型。利用 Fluent 软件,基于 N-S 方程和 S-A 湍流模型,采用时间平均法对不可压缩流的参数进行时均化,计算了不同飞行状态下,风挡雨刷在复位位置以不同角度停放及增加扰流板时所受气动力,对风挡雨刷的外形及停放角度进行优化,比较分析了优化前后雨刷所受气动力。仿真计算结果表明,雨刷合理的停放角度、在刷臂上加装扰流板能有效引导风挡雨刷迎风面气流的方向,从而减小雨刷迎风面所受气动力。通过试飞验证了数值计算的可靠性及优化方案的可行性,为风挡雨刷预紧力的设置及复位位置的确定提供依据。