Radiation engineering analysis of shielding materials to assess their ability to protect astronauts in deep space from energetic particle radiation

An analysis is performed on four typical materials (aluminum, liquid hydrogen, polyethylene, and water) to assess their impact on the length of time an astronaut can stay in deep space and not exceed a design basis radiation exposure of 150 mSv. A large number of heavy lift launches of pure shielding mass are needed to enable long duration, deep space missions to keep astronauts at or below the exposure value with shielding provided by the vehicle. Therefore, vehicle mass using the assumptions in the paper cannot be the sole shielding mechanism for long duration, deep space missions. As an example, to enable the Mars Design Reference Mission 5.0 with a 400 day transit to and from Mars, not including the 500 day stay on the surface, a minimum of 24 heavy lift launches of polyethylene at 89,375 lbm (40.54 tonnes) each are needed for the 1977 galactic cosmic ray environment. With the assumptions used in this paper, a single heavy lift launch of water or polyethylene can protect astronauts for a 130 day mission before exceeding the exposure value. Liquid hydrogen can only protect the astronauts for 160 days. Even a single launch of pure shielding material cannot protect an astronaut in deep space for more than 180 days using the assumptions adopted in the analysis. It is shown that liquid hydrogen is not the best shielding material for the same mass as polyethylene for missions that last longer than 225 days.     

Space radiation effects on plant and mammalian cells

The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on organisms is related to different research aims. The current review emphasizes the studies on the effects of different doses of sparsely and densely ionizing radiation on living organisms, with the final purpose of highlighting specific and common effects of space radiation in mammals and plants. This topic is extremely relevant in the context of radiation protection from space environment. The response of different organisms to ionizing radiation depends on the radiation quality/dose and/or the intrinsic characteristics of the living system. Macromolecules, in particular DNA, are the critical targets of radiation, even if there is a strong difference between damages encountered by plant and mammalian cells. The differences in structure and metabolism between the two cell types are responsible for the higher resistance of the plant cell compared with its animal counterpart.     

CFRP超高周疲劳损伤演化过程

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）在航空航天等领域得到广泛应用，CFRP构件的超高周疲劳问题逐渐凸显出来。本文采用超声三点弯曲疲劳试验系统对CFRP复合材料的损伤演化过程进行研究。结果表明：CFRP复合材料在超高周三点弯曲加载下的S-N曲线呈阶梯状，尤其在10⁸周次后，其疲劳强度明显下降。通过对CFRP复合材料在同一视场不同周次下的损伤过程进行分析，发现该材料在超高周加载下的损伤形貌主要表现为3种特征：纤维束交叉处基体损坏、近纤维束平行段基体空洞、基体贯穿，并随着加载周次的增加，其损伤过程也按照这3种特征依次呈现出来。     

星载微带阵天线板的研制

微带天线阵广泛应用于星载合成孔径雷达天线，一般为非对称蜂窝夹层结构。文章对微带阵天线板的材料、制造技术及试验过程进行了讨论。计算和试验结果表明，微带阵天线板采用蜂窝夹层结构，能够满足设计要求。     

美国Dexter车轴公司零件项目国产材料的选用

对美国Dexter车轴公司芯轴零件材料及其在生产过程中暴露的问题进行了分析，提出了选用国产LHS-1材料进行零件生产的建议。通过对LHS-1材料及零件的性能测试和大批量生产的考核证明，用国产LHS-1低合金高强度结构钢生产的零件完全能够满足美国Dexter车轴公司芯轴零件的使用要求，在生产工艺上省去了调质热处理工序，显著降低了生产成本，获得了很好的经济效益。     

高温用碳钢管道材料损伤的金相分析

本文从工厂实际出发，在宏观力学性能分析后，对临氢压力管道进行金相微观分析，评价管道的材料损伤程度和安全状况，以预测现役管线的剩余寿命。     

大规格损伤容限钛合金TC4-DT的研制及应用

为了满足新一代战斗机对大规格损伤容限钛合金的需求，开展了TC4-DT钛合金大规格棒材与锻坯的成分与组织控制、大型锻件热处理过程中的显微组织控制、材料与锻件的制造过程控制、零件的疲劳强化等研究。经过大型铸锭熔炼、大规格棒材和锻坯试制、大厚度锻件试制、结构设计与制造，结果表明：损伤容限钛合金TC4-DT大型铸锭的成分均匀、大型锻坯和大厚度锻件的抗拉强度变异系数降至约2%，激光冲击、喷丸和冷挤压等对该合金的寿命增益效果显著。损伤容限钛合金TC4-DT在新一代战斗机上获得了广泛应用。     

等效冲击方法研究硬质颗粒对玻璃的冲击损伤

提出了一种等效冲击方法来评价和研究硬质颗粒对脆性材料的冲击损伤。采用自由落体冲击钠钙玻璃试件来模拟小球的高速冲击并取得了令人信服的结果。确定了裂纹起始的临界冲击力。研究结果表明，当冲击物和靶材料的接触面积不变，相等的冲击动能将产生完全相似的损伤效果。在相等动能的前提下，四种不同重量的锤头冲击在玻璃试件上产生出了相同的冲击力、相同的裂纹和残余强度。     

航空发动机机匣损伤容限评估及剩余寿命预测

使用有限元的方法,建立了某航空发动机机匣安装座处局部模型,计算得到了不同尺寸裂纹的应力强度因子的形状因子Y.基于BS7910评定方法,利用失效评估图(FAD,Failure Assessment Diagram)确定了机匣安装座结构在工作应力下的可接受裂纹尺寸为84.8 mm,结构的剩余强度随裂纹尺寸的增加而显著降低,焊缝较母材具有更低的损伤容限和剩余强度.使用缩小宽度模拟验证件模拟工作状态载荷进行了验证试验,当裂纹尺寸与试样宽度比值较小时,与模拟验证件的评估结果基本吻合.根据Paris公式,构件在工作应力下的剩余寿命为74 238周次.      

等效位移损伤剂量法预测GaInP2/GaAs/Ge 三结电池在轨性能退化规律

文章首先在辐照条件下测试GaInP2/GaAs/Ge三结太阳电池的光谱响应,确定了三结电池在轨道带电粒子辐照条件下的损伤特征。通过试验获得了在不同粒子辐照条件下电池电性能退化规律,由此确定了高能电子与质子辐照对三结电池损伤的等效参数,建立了三结电池最大输出功率随位移损伤剂量的退化方程。在此基础上,以地球同步轨道服役的太阳电池为例,计算了电池在轨等效位移损伤剂量,并对三结电池的在轨服役行为进行了评价。