气体的可压缩非定常性对天然气流量计量的影响

利用PIV测试技术对天然气管道内的实流流场进行了可压缩非定常性测试研究,以探究天然气的可压缩非定常特性对天然气流量计量的影响。测试结果表明：通常在充分发展的天然气湍流流动情况下,圆管流的瞬时（0．4～2．5μs）截面体积积分流量存在明显的波动,流量的相对脉动幅值保持在4％以内。这表明管道内的压力在天然气介质中是以纵向压力波形式传递的;而天然气在压力驱动下,由于其本身的可压缩特性,管道截面上的气体密度会出现疏－密相间的变化,相应的瞬间截面流量也会出现大－小相间的脉动。现场试验在测试区上游15D处加装DN100～DN50的变径管后,流场中气流的最大马赫数达到0．2,流量的相对脉动幅值明显大于常规4％的水平,气体可压缩比有明显跃增。此时气体的可压缩以及非定常特性显著,应该认真考虑其对流量精确计量的影响。     

超临界航空煤油喷射的射流结构及相变过程

研究了超临界RP-3航空煤油喷射到静止常温常压大气环境中的近场射流结构及喷口附近的射流相变过程.研究结果表明,超临界煤油喷射到静止大气环境中后会经历类似于理想气体不完全膨胀的过程,会在喷嘴下游产生马赫盘等激波结构,马赫盘的位置随喷射压力的提高而增大,而喷射温度对马赫盘位置几乎没有影响.当喷射温度较高时,超临界煤油在喷嘴出口处直接进入气相区,没有凝结现象发生.而煤油的喷射温度接近临界温度时,超临界煤油会在喷嘴内部及出口处发生局部凝结,进入气液两相区.      

内燃波转子技术对燃气涡轮发动机性能影响

为研究内燃波转子技术提高燃气涡轮发动机性能变化规律,建立内燃波转子燃气涡轮发动机热力循环分析模型,开展内燃波转子通道出口气流马赫数、压气机压比等参数变化对燃气涡轮发动机性能的影响研究,探讨了内燃波转子燃气涡轮发动机热力循环状态参数变化规律.研究结果表明:当压气机压比等于3.6时,发动机比推力和热循环总效率最大提高23.709%,耗油率最大减少19.165%;当通道出口气流马赫数等于0.6时,发动机比推力最大增幅达23.736%,此时压气机压比为4.4、发动机热循环总效率32.216%和耗油率减少24.366%,熵增减少7.864%,验证了内燃波转子技术能够提高燃气涡轮发动机总体性能.研究结果为深入开展内燃波转子燃气涡轮发动机基础理论和关键技术研究奠定基础.      

低速叶型气动反问题设计方法

 低马赫数不可压流动中声速与流速大小差别巨大,采用基于可压缩流动控制方程的计算格式求解流场时,由于数值黏性的污染,解的精度低且收敛性差,通常可使用时间预处理技术来解决这一问题。在基于控制理论的优化方法中,共轭方程的Jacobian矩阵和流动方程的系数矩阵相似,因而在低流动马赫数下,求解共轭方程存在着与求解流动方程相同的数值污染和数值刚性问题。首先推导了带有预处理的Roe格式,然后发展了适合全速度流动的共轭方程求解方法,最后选取翼型和叶栅两个典型算例进行了验证。计算结果表明所发展的方法可很好地用于低马赫数时的气动反问题设计。     

高马赫数射流预冷试验装置设计及试验验证

为加速中国射流预冷技术的研究,设计了1套基于高马赫数的射流预冷试验装置。对试验装置需满足的功能流程和设计需求进行了识别,明确了试验装置的组成;对试验段和水系统的结构进行了详细设计,提出了直杆型和圆环型2种不同喷杆布局的射流段,并对使用2种射流段时试验段的流场均匀性进行了分析,认为直杆型射流段的温度场和压力场分布更加均匀;选取几种典型的试验工况,对所设计的试验装置进行了温降特性、总压恢复系数以及流场均匀性等试验验证。结果表明：试验装置总体运行良好,结构设计合理,能够完成全工况下的射流预冷试验,其温降特性、总压恢复系数和流场均匀性符合试验预期,研究成果对中国航空领域射流预冷发动机的研制具有指导意义。     

Effect of Stagnation Temperature on the Supersonic Two Dimensional Plug Nozzle Conception. Application for Air

When the stagnation temperature of a perfect gas increases, the specific heats and their ratio do not remain constant any more and start to vary with this temperature. The gas remains perfect, its state equation remains always valid, except it will name in more calori-cally imperfect gas or gas at High Temperature. The goal of this research is to trace the profiles of the supersonic plug nozzle when this stagnation temperature is taken into account, lower than the threshold of dissociation of the molecules, by using the new formula of the Prandtl Meyer function, and to have for each exit Mach number, several nozzles shapes by changing the value of this temperature. A study on the error given by the PG (perfect gas) model compared to our model at high temperature is presented. The comparison is made with the case of a calorically perfect gas aiming to give a limit of application of this model. The application is for the air.     

高超声速轴对称流道冷流特征及气动力特性研究

对一种轴对称形式的高超声速飞行器全流道开展了风洞实验和数值模拟研究, 分析了不同来流总压、飞行攻角全流道的流场结构和气动力特性.研究结果表明:(1)一定范围内雷诺数的变化对全流道的流动结构和模型的气动力特性无显著影响, 因此所获得的风洞实验结果有望通过某种形式推广到飞行状态下使用;(2)飞行攻角对全流道的流动结构和升力系数有着显著影响, 但阻力系数的影响并不明显;(3)研究范围内来流马赫数的变化对全流道的流动结构有着一定影响, 但研究范围内, 阻力系数随马赫数的变化幅度较小;(4)由于轴对称流道的浸润面积较大, 研究范围内该类飞行器的摩擦阻力在全机阻力中占据了较大的比重, 设计状态下达全机气动力的62%;(5)与实验结果的对照表明, 所采用的数值模拟方法具有较高的精度.      

Blockage effect on the flow around a cylinder probe in calibration

Flow around a 2-D cylinder pressure probe placed in uniform flow,free jet flow,and wind tunnel flow was analyzed with potential flow theory and simulated with numerical method.Blockage effect was investigated under several typical flow Mach numbers.The result from numerical simulation shows a similar trend to the one from potential flow method while varies in quantity.Wind tunnel walls accelerate the flow near the probe and thus produce a blockage effect;Boundary of free jet flow,however,decelerates the flow and thus produces a "negative" blockage effect.A maximum incoming Mach number exists when the probe is calibrated in wind tunnel in high subsonic condition due to choking caused by shocks and shock induced separation.The critical Mach number varies with blockage ratio,which makes high Mach number impossible to achieve in large blockage ratio condition.The blockage effect itself is unavoidable for calibration or measurement although a sufficiently small blockage ratio brings minor effect.Correction can be implemented based on the numerical simulation result presented in this paper and further works.      

A methodology for simulating 2D shock-induced dynamic stall at flight test-based fluctuating freestream

A comprehensive methodology for simulating 2 D dynamic stall at fluctuating freestream is proposed in this paper.2 D CFD simulation of a SC1095 airfoil exposed to a fluctuating freestream of Mach number 0.537 ± 0.205 and Reynolds number 6.1 × 10~6(based on the mean Mach number) and undergoing a 10° ± 10° pitch oscillation with a frequency of 4.25 Hz was conducted.These conditions were selected to be representative of the flow experienced by a helicopter rotor airfoil section in a real-life fast forward flight.Both constant freestream dynamic stall as well as fluctuating freestream dynamic stall simulations were conducted and compared.The methodology was carefully validated with experimental data for both transonic flow and dynamic stall under fluctuating freestream.Overall, the results suggest that the fluctuating freestream alters the dynamic stall mechanism documented for constant freestream in a major way, emphasizing that inclusion of this effect in the prediction of dynamic stall related rotor loads is imperative for rotor performance analysis and blades design.     

2.4m跨声速风洞流场预测自抗扰控制

针对2.4 m跨声速风洞总压和马赫数控制具有强耦合、时滞、系统参数摄动和外界干扰不确定性等特点，设计了预测自抗扰控制。采用自抗扰控制（ADRC），将总压和马赫数两个通道之间的耦合、流场建模误差、系统的参数摄动和外界干扰等视为总干扰，通过扩张状态观测器（ESO）将总干扰估算出来并进行前馈补偿，一方面可以实现总压和马赫数的解耦控制，另一方面提高了流场的抗干扰能力。同时使用Smith预估器得到系统无时延输出并将其反馈至扩张状态观测器，加快其收敛速度，从而提高控制系统的性能。仿真结果表明，该控制器能够很好地实现总压和马赫数的解耦，并且具有良好的动态特性、抗干扰能力和鲁棒性。