超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响

采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9,30°激波角的入射激波与膨胀角湍流边界层干扰问题进行了数值研究。入射激波在壁面上的名义入射点固定在膨胀角角点,膨胀角角度分别取为0°、2°、5°和10°。通过改变膨胀角角度,考察了膨胀效应对干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律和作用机制,如分离泡、物面压力脉动特性、膨胀区湍流边界层和物面剪切应力脉动场等。研究发现,膨胀角角度的增大使得分离区流向长度和法向高度急剧降低,尤其是在强膨胀效应下分离泡形态呈现整体往下游偏移的双峰结构。物面压力脉动功率谱结果表明,膨胀角为2°和5°时,分离激波的非定常运动仍表征为大尺度低频振荡,而膨胀角为10°,强膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡,加速了下游再附边界层物面压力脉动的恢复过程。膨胀区湍流边界层雷诺剪切应力各象限事件贡献和出现概率呈现逐步恢复到上游湍流边界层的趋势,Görtler-like流向涡结构展向和法向尺度变化剧烈,同时在近壁区将诱导生成大量小尺度流向涡。此外,物面剪切应力脉动场的本征正交分解分析指出,膨胀效应的影响体现在低阶模态能量的急剧降低从而使得高阶模态的总体贡献相对升高。     

“蚌式”进气道附面层扫除特性风洞试验

以某低、高速风洞为平台,设计搭建了“蚌式”进气道附面层扫除特性测量试验系统,进行了不同流量系数和来流马赫数下进气道鼓包表面附面层扫除特性的风洞试验,通过对试验数据的整理、计算和对比分析同型号的飞行试验结果,研究了“蚌式”进气道鼓包表面附面层扫除特性。研究结果表明:在相同的来流马赫数下,随着流量系数的增大,鼓包表面附面层的扫除能力逐渐减弱;在亚声速工况的绝大多数流量范围内,鼓包表面压力系数沿鼓包中心线对称分布、压力梯度变化明显,且在不同截面沿主流方向具有增大的特征,鼓包构型对附面层扫除效果较强;超声速工况下具有明显附面层扫除能力的流量范围明显小于亚声速工况,进气道唇口形成的弓形激波是影响鼓包表面不同位置压力梯度变化的主要因素,进而决定着附面层扫除特性。在接近来流马赫数18及以上飞行工况下,附面层的扫除能力减弱,附面层分离加强,进而会造成较大的进气压力损失和畸变。     

航空燃油齿轮泵滑动轴承非线性瞬态性能数值分析

为研究航空燃油齿轮泵滑动轴承在复杂交变载荷扰动下的瞬态润滑行为,建立了燃油齿轮泵滑动轴承的瞬态计算模型。该模型考虑了滑动轴承油膜空化边界的质量守恒和其所处非线性动态承载环境的影响。在此基础上使用批处理技术实现了燃油齿轮泵和滑动轴承的联合仿真计算,在滑动轴承的瞬态润滑计算过程中计入了燃油泵瞬态内流场和其动态载荷的耦合作用。以此进行了恒定载荷和动态载荷工况下的轴心轨迹稳定性分析以及轴承瞬态润滑性能分析研究。研究结果表明：滑动轴承计算模型的计算结果与实验数据较为吻合,误差保持1.2%以内;燃油齿轮泵的动态载荷对轴心轨迹的影响体现在轨迹启动段偏移的增大以及静平衡位置的消失;通过不同关键参数的对比研究发现：合理的增大宽径比或减小间隙比可以获得更为理想的轴心轨迹静平衡位置,但对于轴承转子运动的稳定性,间隙比由0.2%增至0.6%时,未稳定阶段轴心位置的变化趋势由双峰变为单峰,速度稳定段曲线的波动幅值先增大后趋于不变;当宽径比由0.6增至1.2时,全周期内速度响应曲线的偏移降低,轴心运行的稳定性提高;在轴承瞬态润滑特性中对于轴承载荷变化泄露流量具有的敏感性较强而最小油膜厚度的敏感性较差。     

Measurements of heat transfer and pressure in a trailing edge cavity of a turbine blade

 An experimental investigation is conducted to obtain the heat transfer and pressure drop data for an integral trailing edge cavity test section that simulates a novel turbine blade's internal cooling passage with bleed holes. Local heat transfer is measured on both the suction and pressure sides by a transient liquid crystal technique, while pressures at six positions are recorded by pressure calibrators. Moreover, flow characteristic and its effect on heat transfer are analyzed for conditions with or without bleed flow. The experimental results show that, in the cases with bleed flow, local heat transfer on the pressure side exceeds that on the suction side in the first and second channels. In the cases without bleed flow, in the first and third channels, local heat transfer on the suction side weakens whilst it increases significantly on the pressure side. For the second channel, non-bleed condition leads to a more balanced heat transfer distribution between the upstream and downstream channel. Besides, after the bleed holes are blocked, heat transfer in the first bend region on the suction side declines sharply, while the opposite phenomenon occurs for the second bend region on the pressure side. In both bleed and non-bleed cases, the total pressure of six measurement positions decreases continuously along the channel at the same Reynolds number and it promotes for higher Reynolds number. Among all the measurement points, under the same flow rate condition, the highest speed occurs at Position 5, which also shows the maximum difference between the total and static pressures. When the bleed holes are blocked, the total pressure at each measurement position appears to increase.     

MDS图在液态模锻工艺过程单片机仿真控制系统中的应用

本文介绍了液态模锻工艺过程单片机仿真控制系统的设计方法，包括液态模锻工艺程确立、逻辑量确立、硬件系统设计、ＭＤＳ图的建立及软件实现，在工艺设备的逻辑性控制中应用ＭＤＳ图控制结构设计的控制器可方便方便地实现ＰＬＣ的控制功能，也可主便地实现其他娄字逻辑系统的控制功能。     

锅炉分层给煤装置的机理及效果分析

影响锅炉热效率的因素有多种，其中最主要的有两点：一是煤的燃烧状况，一是炉膛的换热环境。本文从煤层结构对燃烧状况的影响这个角度分析了分层给煤装置的优点和不足，并提出了几点改进方法。     

亚声速三角翼俯仰振动涡结构及升力特性研究

本文介绍在暂冲式三声速风洞中实现了非常流动的多片光蒸汽屏显示技术和测力技术，并用这两项技术研究了亚声速时７０°后掠三角翼模型仰振的非定常流动现象，探讨了由于三角翼模型俯振动产生的涡结构人向气动力特性之间的相关关系。     

斜激波极值规律的边界层影响

采用边界层理论与斜激波/膨胀波精确算法，建立一种结合Eckert参考温度法和Illingworth-Stewartson变换法优势的边界层权重算法，用于研究超声速黏性楔面边界层位移厚度对斜激波极值规律的影响。分别应用层流Navier-Stokes方程和湍流Navier-Stokes方程的CFD解算器对边界层新模型进行了算例精度评估。在来流马赫数为1.2~2.4和楔面角为3°~20°的范围内，压强比的相对误差小于0.1%。计入层流与湍流边界层影响的理论模型研究表明，边界层影响使得最优马赫数增加；对于层流边界层，最优马赫数增量约为0.001 5~0.003 3；对于湍流边界层，最优马赫数增量约为0.002 8~0.006 1。     

Mathematical description of the NaK model for MASTER-2005

The release of NaK droplets has been modeled for the new version of the European Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference model MASTER-2005. Previously published versions of the model have been revised. The parameters of the model are introduced and discussed. NaK droplets consist of eutectic sodium–potassium alloy and have been released during RORSAT reactor core ejections. They contributed to the space debris environment in the centimeter and millimeter size regime. Sixteen nuclear powered RORSATs launched between 1980 and 1988 activated a reactor core ejection system in Sufficiently High Orbits (SHO), mostly between 900 and 950 km altitude. The core ejection caused an opening of the primary coolant circuit. The liquid coolant has been released into space during these core ejections. The outflow is considered as a discrete event for each of the sixteen core ejections in total. The NaK coolant has been forming droplets up to a diameter of 5.5 cm. NaK releases are restricted to a very narrow region near 65° inclination. This paper gives the parameters of the NaK release model as it is implemented in MASTER-2005. The quantitative values of all model parameters including characteristic diameter and uniformity parameter are presented. The ratio of the characteristic droplet size to the orifice diameter is discussed. It is estimated that altogether 128 kg of NaK-78 (8 kg per RORSAT) was released on orbit. Simulation runs show that there are still 45,000 droplets with a total mass of 97 kg in orbit at the reference epoch 1 May 2005, whereas the smallest droplet has a diameter of 5 mm. Results of orbit propagation simulation runs are presented in terms of spatial density.