低雷诺数下尾迹与分离边界层的相互作用研究

 用有压力梯度平板模拟典型后加载负荷分布形式下低压涡轮吸力面边界层的发展,研究尾迹与分离边界层的相互作用,并对比了雷诺数变化的影响,还分析了在很低雷诺数下尾缘脱落旋涡和分离区的相互作用。结果表明,在相同出口马赫数下,随着雷诺数降低,壁面等熵马赫数发生变化,峰值马赫数有所降低。尾迹与分离区的相互作用,通过在分离区诱导卷起的旋涡,产生湍流以及Calmed区,抑制边界层分离。当雷诺数很低时,分离区与尾缘脱落旋涡的非定常现象需要在涡轮设计中给予关注。     

Dynamic Response Analysis of Bird Strike on Aircraft Windshield Based on Damage-modified Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Relation

Damage-modified nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation and failure criterion are introduced and the three-dimensional incremental forms are deduced based on the updated Lagrangian approach. A simple tensile test model and a split Hopkinson pressure bar model are built to verify the accuracy of the subroutine implemented within the non-linear finite element program LS-DYNA. A numerical model of bird strike on windshield is established to study the responses of windshield under three different bird velocities at three sites. The bird is represented by a cylinder with a hemisphere at each end and the contact-impact coupling algorithm is used in this study. It is found that the implemented subroutine can properly describe the mechanical behavior of polymethyl methacrylate under low and high strain rates and large deformation, and can be used validly.     

FY-4闪电成像仪实时事件处理器(RTEP)的FPGA设计研究

闪电是中尺度,特别是中-γ尺度天气系统研究的有力工具。闪电成像仪主要利用4种方法 组合来实现闪电信号的增强与探测。这4种方法是:光谱滤波、空间滤波、时间滤波、帧-帧背景去除。实时 事件处理器(RTEP)是实现帧一帧背景去除的最为有效的手段,它是提取闪电信号的重要途径。实时事件处 理器是一个实时数字信号处理系统,在2ms的时间内要完成12 bit量化的512×512个像素的信号数据处理, 探测出闪电信号。文章论述了实时事件处理器RTEP的必要性,实现原理,以及FPGA实现方案。     

用子波系数概率密度函数研究湍流多尺度结构的间歇性

用热线风速仪在充分发展平板湍流边界层中测量流向速度信号的时间序列并进行湍流多尺度结构统计特性的实验研究。用热线风速仪以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率精细测量风洞中平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的流向速度分量的时间序列信号,用子波分析对湍流脉动速度信号进行多尺度分解,将推广的自相似性(ESS)应用于子波分析。用子波系数的概率密度函数验证了多尺度相干结构对间歇性的影响,并证明与距壁面距离有关。对比研究了提取湍流边界层多尺度相干结构前后湍流多尺度结构函数间歇性的变化规律及概率密度函数的变化规律,验证了多尺度相干结构是湍流边界层产生奇异标度律的原因。当这些相干结构被分离出后,由子波系数计算的ESS标度律就回到K olm ogorov线性标度律,这一现象在整个湍流边界层都是很明显的。      

Thick exchange layer evaporation model with natural convection effect and evaporation experimental study for multicomponent droplet

In order to investigate the high-temperature evaporation characteristics of multicomponent liquid fuel, three kinds of blended fuel: n-heptane/n-decane/RP-3 aviation kerosene-ethanol were experimentally studied with and without forced convection. Further, based on zero-diffusion and infinite diffusion concept, this study expanded Thick Exchange Layer evaporation model with Natural Convection effect (NC-TEL) to multicomponent liquid fuels. The experimental results show that the droplet evaporation rate increases significantly with the increase of ambient temperature. Higher temperature leads to more significant relationships between the composition ratio and the evaporation rate. The effect of forced convection is not obviously under the circumstance in this paper. Then, the evaporation models were validated by experimental data. In general, the new NC-TEL model behaves better than the Ranz-Marshall (R-M) model, and the prediction accuracy at high temperature is improved by 8% to 35%. In lower temperature conditions, the prediction of zero-diffusion NC-TEL model is better than the infinite diffusion NC-TEL model. In high-temperature conditions, for n-heptane-ethanol droplet, the predictions of NC-TEL model are accurate, but for n-decane/RP-3 aviation kerosene-ethanol, the predictions are lower than experimental results. This may be caused by the micro-explosion phenomenon and the Marangoni phenomenon.     

复合材料飞机闪电防护设计

飞机的闪电防护设计是一项涉及到多个专业的综合性技术,具体来说,飞机结构、飞控、燃油、航电等专业都必须在设计时考虑闪电防护.随着复合材料技术的发展,运用全复合材料进行通用飞机的设计制造已越来越广泛.由于复合材料和金属材料的差异性,其闪电防护设计具有完全不同的特点.本文根据国内外研究发展趋势,阐述复合材料飞机的闪电防护设计技术以及适航验证的方法.     

Design of aircraft structures against threat of bird strikes

In this paper, a method to design bird-strike-resistant aircraft structures is presented and illustrated through examples. The focus is on bird strike experiments and simulations. The explicit finite element software PAM-CRASH is employed to conduct bird strike simulations, and a coupled Smooth Particles Hydrodynamic (SPH) and Finite Element (FE) method is used to simulate the interaction between a bird and a target structure. The SPH method is explained, and an SPH bird model is established. Constitutive models for various structural materials, such as aluminum alloys, composite materials, honeycomb, and foam materials that are used in aircraft structures, are presented, and model parameters are identified by conducting various material tests. Good agreements between simulation results and experimental data suggest that the numerical model is capable of predicting the dynamic responses of various aircraft structures under a bird strike, and numerical simulation can be used as a tool to design bird-strike-resistant aircraft structures.     

等离子体气动激励控制超声速边界层分离的实验研究

等离子体气动激励与超声速气流相互作用已成为高速流动控制领域的研究热点。激波与边界层相互作用现象广泛存在于超声速飞行器之中。本文进行了等离子体气动激励控制压缩角区和激波诱导边界层分离的实验,通过流场纹影显示和壁面静压测量,研究等离子体气动激励如何影响激波、激波如何影响边界层特性的科学问题。实验结果表明:施加毫秒量级表面电弧放电能够前移压缩角区的诱导斜激波,使分离区后移,分离区域增加,但激波强度减弱,流场总压增加;施加微秒量级表面电弧放电能够抑制激波诱导边界层分离,使分离区减小,流场总压减小。基于实验结果,认为毫秒量级表面电弧放电激励控制超声速气流的主要机理为放电过程的焦耳热效应;微秒量级表面电弧放电激励控制超声速气流的主要机理为焦耳热效应和冲击波效应共同作用。     

前缘半径对两个尺度三级压缩楔流场结构影响研究

为研究前缘钝度及模型尺度对流场结构的影响,采用了长度为0.3 m和0.6 m的三级压缩楔模型,前缘半径分别为0,0.5,1,1.5,3 mm,在0.6 m激波风洞中利用高速阴影摄像获得了系列流场结构照片,清晰地显示了激波结构。试验条件为马赫数5.98,总温670 K,总压6.56MPa。数据结果表明,随着前缘半径的增加,第一道激波角增大,第二和第三道激波角减小;存在明显的模型尺度影响,在同等钝度条件下(尖前缘除外),两个尺度模型的第一道激波角相差迭0.4°,第二道和第三道激波角最大可相差0.5°。流场照片显示,在拐角处存在激波边界层干扰,造成第二、三道激波根部弯曲,随前缘半径增加,弯曲程度和影响区域增大。     

喷射角对超声速燃烧室掺混和燃烧的影响

针对壁面喷射方式,分别在冷态喷流和燃烧工况下探讨了喷射角的变化对超声速流场中的燃料掺混效果及燃烧效率的影响。研究表明:采用带角度喷射能明显减弱壁面垂直喷射导致的强激波,减小激波/边界层干扰带来的总压损失,在燃料掺混特性方面,减小喷射角会降低近场穿透距离,减弱近场的掺混效果,而对中场的穿透深度及掺混效果影响不大,但带角度喷射的远场的穿透深度及掺混不如垂直喷射。所以垂直喷射时,虽然更多的燃料和空气发生掺混,燃烧效率要高于带角度喷射的,但会以牺牲很大的总压为代价,所以在工程中建议采用带角度喷射配合其他喷射方式。