航空发动机防喘扩稳构件效能优化的试验研究

为评估和优化发动机防喘系统的效能,采用温度畸变发生器作为逼喘装置,分别给出了某涡扇、涡喷发动机扩稳构件在不同组合方案下的试验结果。比较和讨论了防喘系统不同扩稳构件的扩稳效果。试验结果表明,发动机防喘系统扩稳效果最为显著的是采用短时切断燃油以及导叶、放气等调节手段,但其缺点会带来较大的推力损失和系统的复杂性;而采用切油加导叶调节的手段尽管扩稳效果不如前者明显,但其推力损失较小且系统易于实现。     

影响卫星故障的空间天气分析

基于美国国家地球物理数据中心(NGDC) 2384例和中国19颗卫星的263例卫星故障信息, 结合1963-2012年小时平均的多种空间环境数据, 定量分析了三种卫星故障发生期间的空间要素特征, 探讨单粒子锁定(SEU)、表面充电致静电放电(ESD)和内部深层充电所致电子引起的电磁脉冲(ECEMP)与空间天气事件的可能联系, 得出以下主要结论. (1)大部分SEU和ECEMP发生于空间天气平静时, 但在其前后3日内地磁活动达到了磁暴水平, 相对来说比例最大的发生在Dst_min之后第3日 (48～72h). (2) ESD受地磁活动和高能电子通量影响明显. 与磁暴、相对论电子通量增强事件的季节性相对应, 两分点附近ESD和ECEMP的发生率高; 93.6% 的 ESD发生前后72h内地磁活动达到磁暴水平, 故障发生时间均匀分布在 Dst_min前0～48h 和后0～24h; 54.9%的ESD 发生时处于地磁暴期(Dst <-30nT), 以-50～-30nT的小磁暴水平居多; 40.6%的ESD发生于高能电子通量高水平期(≥ 103pfu, 1pfu =1cm-2·s-1·sr-1), 81.9%的ESD发生前后72h 内高能电子通量峰值≥ 103pfu, 发生率最高时段为电子通量峰值前 48～72h. (3)高能电子对中国同步轨道卫星的SEU影响明显, 42.5% 故障发生 时高能电子通量≥ 103pfu, 故障在峰值前48～72h和峰值后48～72h 的发生概率相当, 约为23.0%. (4)同步轨道卫星SEU受太阳质子事件的影响相对较大, 22.5%的中国同步轨道卫星故障发生前后72h内发生了太阳质子事件, 季节性不明显.      

Computation of radiation environment during ground level enhancements 65, 69 and 70 at equatorial region and flight altitudes

The radiation environment in the troposphere of the Earth is governed by cosmic rays of galactic and solar origin. During major solar energetic particles events the radiation environment changes dramatically. As a results the risk of biological effects due to exposure to ionizing radiation of aircrew increases. Here we present a numerical model for computation of absorbed dose in air due to cosmic rays of galactic and solar origin. It is applied for computation of radiation environment at flight altitude in the equatorial region during several major ground level enhancements, namely GLE65 on 28 October 2003, GLE69 on 20 January 2005 and GLE70 on 13 December 2006. The model is based on a full Monte Carlo simulation of cosmic ray induced atmospheric cascade. The cascade simulation is carried out with CORSIKA 6.990 code with corresponding hadron generators FLUKA 2011 and QGSJET II. The contribution of different cascade components, namely electromagnetic, hadron and muon is explicitly obtained. The spectra of arriving solar energetic particles are calculated from ground level measurements with neutron monitors and satellite data from GOES. The obtained results are discussed.     

相变微胶囊悬浮液在树形微通道内的热力特性

以乙二醇水溶液为载冷基液制备了相变微胶囊悬浮液（MEPCMS）,并测量了其物性参数,然后实验研究了MEPCMS在树形微通道内的热力特性,揭示了雷诺数、质量分数对MEPCMS热力性能的影响规律。结果表明:MEPCMS的比定压热容随着微胶囊质量分数与温度的增加而增大,黏度随着微胶囊质量分数的增加与温度的降低而增大;MEPCMS的表面传热系数随着雷诺数与质量分数的增大而增大,当雷诺数为118时,质量分数为1%、3%的MEPCMS的表面传热系数相对于载冷基液分别提高了3.92%和9.04%;MEPCMS的摩擦因子随雷诺数的增大与质量分数的减小而减小,但随着雷诺数的增加,MEPCMS的摩擦因子逐渐接近载冷基液。      

基于逻辑神经网络的图象处理方法

阐述了基于逻辑神经网络的图象平滑、压缩编码方法。这些方法的基本思想是：以逻辑神经网络为窗口,选择对某种图象变换敏感的模式训练窗口。当窗口对图象扫描时,窗口在图象的各位置输出响应,通过对这些响应的简单运算,实现所希望的处理。除了理论分析外,文中还给出了各种方法的典型试验结果。     

非等直径柱肋阵列的冷却特性

为优化柱肋阵列冷却效果,通过缩小柱肋阵列中局部柱肋直径得到3种非等直径柱肋阵列通道。采用瞬态液晶测试技术和数值模拟方法研究了其传热和流阻特性。结果表明:保持奇数排柱肋直径的大小,仅减小偶数排的直径,能在传热减弱不多的情况下,使通道的流动阻力大幅降低。适当调整奇/偶数排柱肋的直径,雷诺数为10 000~50 000,奇偶数排柱肋直径比为1.4的非等直径柱肋阵列通道,其平均传热系数仅减小了约6%,而阻力系数则减小了约21%。      

定常吹气对无缝襟翼翼型地面效应影响的数值模拟

随着对生产成本、性能和可靠性、环境要求的不断提高,未来运输类飞机的发展趋势是具有更大的载重、更短的起降距离、更低的污染排放和噪声,因此迫切需要采用更高效和简单的增升和控制技术,而采用狭缝吹气的主动流动控制增强升力的方式已经被证明是最值得研究推广的应用技术之一。而在分析飞机起降性能时,必须要考虑到地面效应的影响,因此有必要对采用吹气进行增升的翼型地面效应进行研究。通过数值模拟方法研究了定常吹气对某无缝襟翼翼型地面效应的影响,研究表明,近地面在襟翼前缘施加吹气控制后,与远地面施加定常吹气控制相比,翼型升力线斜率和升力明显降低;小迎角下,动量系数为0.005时,升力随着距地高度的减小先减小后增加,动量系数增加到0.01后,升力随着距地高度的减小而减小;无缝襟翼翼型在不同动量系数和不同距地高度时出现的不同程度升力减小的现象,能直接影响飞机的起降性能,是采用吹气控制进行增升设计时必须考虑的因素。     

Unusual nighttime impulsive foF2 enhancements at low latitudes: Phenomenology and possible explanations

This paper is focused on unusual nighttime impulsive electron density enhancements that are rarely observed at low latitudes on a wide region of South America, under quiet and medium/high geomagnetic conditions. The phenomenon under investigation is very peculiar because besides being of brief duration, it is characterized by a pronounced compression of the ionosphere. The phenomenon was studied and analyzed using both the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) and the virtual height of the base of the F region (h′F) values recorded at five ionospheric stations widely distributed in space, namely: Jicamarca (−12.0°, −76.8°, magnetic latitude −2.0°), Peru; Sao Luis (−2.6°, −44.2°, magnetic latitude +6.2°), Cachoeira Paulista (−22.4°, −44.6°, magnetic latitude −13.4°), and São José dos Campos (−23.2°, −45.9°, magnetic latitude −14.1°), Brazil; Tucumán (−26.9°, −65.4°, magnetic latitude −16.8°), Argentina. In a more restricted region over Tucumán, the phenomenon was also investigated by the total electron content (TEC) maps computed by using measurements from 12 GPS receivers. A detailed analysis of isoheight ionosonde plots suggests that traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) caused by gravity wave (GW) propagation could play a significant role in causing the phenomenon both for quiet and for medium/high geomagnetic activity; in the latter case however a recharging of the fountain effect, due to electric fields penetrating from the magnetosphere, joins the TID propagation and plays an as much significant role in causing impulsive electron density enhancements.     

Ignition enhancement of ethylene/air by NOx addition

Recently, non-equilibrium plasma assisted combustion (PAC) has been found to be promising in reducing the ignition delay time in hypersonic propulsion system. NO x produced by non-equilibrium plasma can react with intermediates during the fuel oxidation process and thereby has influence on the combustion process. In this study, the effects of NO x addition on the ignition process of both the homogeneous ethylene/air mixtures and the non-premixed diffusion layer are examined numerically. The detailed chemistry for ethylene oxidization together with the NO x sub-mechanism is included in the simulation. Reaction path analysis and sensitivity analysis are conducted to give a mechanistic interpretation for the ignition enhancement by NO x addition. It is found that for both the homogenous and non-premixed ignition processes at normal and elevated pressures, NO 2 addition has little influence on the ignition delay time while NO addition can significantly promote the ignition process. The ignition enhancement is found to be caused by the promotion in hydroxyl radical production which quickly oxidizes ethylene. The promotion in hydroxyl radical production by NO addition is achieved in two ways:one is the direct production of OH through the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH, and the other is the indirect production of OH through the reactions NO+O2=NO2+O and C2H4+O = C2H3+OH. Moreover, it is found that similar to the homogeneous ignition process, the acceleration of the diffusion layer ignition is also controlled by the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH.     

Forbush decreases and solar events seen in the 10–20 GeV energy range by the Karlsruhe Muon Telescope

Since 1993, a muon telescope located at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe Muon Telescope) has been recording the flux of single muons mostly originating from primary cosmic-ray protons with dominant energies in the 10–20 GeV range. The data are used to investigate the influence of solar effects on the flux of cosmic rays measured at Earth. Non-periodic events like Forbush decreases and ground level enhancements are detected in the registered muon flux. A selection of recent events will be presented and compared to data from the Jungfraujoch neutron monitor. The data of the Karlsruhe Muon Telescope help to extend the knowledge about Forbush decreases and ground level enhancements to energies beyond the neutron monitor regime.