制导火箭弹大着角所需脉冲发动机数量的确定

推导出制导火箭弹为获得期望着角所需的脉冲发动机数量解析公式,并根据此公式对比研究了火箭弹分别采用同时点火和依次点火时俯仰角初始值、期望着角和脉冲发动机推力对脉冲发动机数量的影响。研究表明,同时点火方式优于依次点火方式;飞行末段姿态调整时间较长时,期望着角和初始俯仰角对发动机数量的影响很小;随着脉冲推力的增加,所需的脉冲发动机数量递减。     

Optimal guidance and collision avoidance for docking with the rotating target spacecraft

The guidance and control strategy for spacecraft rendezvous and docking are of vital importance, especially for a chaser spacecraft docking with a rotating target spacecraft. Approach guidance for docking maneuver in planar is studied in this paper. Approach maneuver includes two processes: optimal energy approach and the following flying-around approach. Flying-around approach method is presented to maintain a fixed relative distance and attitude for chaser spacecraft docking with target spacecraft. Due to the disadvantage of energy consumption and initial velocity condition, optimal energy guidance is presented and can be used for providing an initial state of flying-around approach process. The analytical expression of optimal energy guidance is obtained based on the Pontryagin minimum principle which can be used in real time. A couple of solar panels on the target spacecraft are considered as obstacles during proximity maneuvers, so secure docking region is discussed. A two-phase optimal guidance method is adopted for collision avoidance with solar panels. Simulation demonstrates that the closed-loop optimal energy guidance satisfies the ending docking constraints, avoids collision with time-varying rotating target, and provides the initial velocity conditions of flying-around approach maneuver. Flying-around approach maneuver can maintain fixed relative position and attitude for docking.     

Study on impact energy absorption and adhesion of biomimetic buffer system for space robots

Space buffer landers offer the unique promise of ensuring that high-speed flying space robots steadily attach to the surface of the target spacecraft for repairs and rescues. A stable attachment and an easy detachment mechanism of the robot are required to enable space buffer landers to land smoothly on spacecraft in space environments. In this paper, we present an approach to fabricate a buffer lander with an elastic multi-leg configuration and adhesive feet with a microarray structure. We set up a theoretical model of a buffer lander with six elastic legs and adhesive feet. We analyze the influence of the initial position of the lander on the buffer kinetic energy absorption characteristics by theoretical modeling. Based on this model, we establish a discrete element multibody dynamics coupling simulation platform. Through the simulation, we analyze the factors influencing the buffer kinetic energy absorption characteristics and optimize the parameters of the buffer. We obtain the contact force of the adhesion feet and the torque of each joint of the buffer during the cushioning process with EDEM-ADAMS coupling simulations. Finally, we build a launching platform for the buffer collision test and simulate a high-temperature and high-vacuum space environment with a heating cage and a vacuum tank, respectively. Then, the effects of the high-temperature and high-vacuum environment on the kinetic energy absorption and adsorption characteristics of the buffer are analyzed.     

Impact time control using biased proportional navigation for missiles with varying velocity

A feasible guidance scheme with impact time constraint is proposed for attacking a stationary target by missiles with time-varying velocity. The main idea is to replace the constant velocity with the future mean velocity; therefore, the existing time-to-go estimation algorithm of the proportional navigation guidance law can be improved to adapt to varying conditions. In order to obtain the prediction of the velocity profile, the velocity differential equation to the downrange is derived, which can be numerically integrated between the current downrange and the target position by the on-board computer. Then, a third-order polynomial is introduced to fit the velocity profile in order to calculate the future mean velocity. At the beginning of each guidance loop, the future mean velocity is predicted and the time-to-go information is updated, based on which a novel biased proportional navigation guidance law is established to achieve the impact time constraint. Finally, numerical simulation results verified the effectiveness of the time-to-go estimation algorithm and the proposed law.     

Optimum design and experiment of composite leaf spring landing gear for electric aircraft

The composite leaf spring landing gear of an electric aircraft is optimized. With the strength and workability as constraints and the minimum structural weight as an objective, the two-stage optimization of the leaf spring landing gear with glass fiber unidirectional prepreg is carried out using a genetic algorithm, namely, the optimization of continuous thickness of layup, and the optimization of the layup sequence and discrete thickness. In the optimization process, the ground loads are calculated according to the structural stiffness of each chromosome, thus the stiffness constraints are relaxed, and the optimization results are compared with those using stiffness constraints. The static experiment verification reveals that the numerical simulation and experimental results are consistent, that is, the optimized leaf spring meets the strength requirements. The results show that the leaf spring landing gear based on two-stage optimization method achieves the objective of weight reduction.     

高超声速滑翔飞行器再入轨迹快速、高精度优化

针对高超声速滑翔飞行器再入轨迹优化问题，提出一种基于稀疏差分法和网格细化技术的快速、高精度求解方法。该方法应用局部配点法将再入轨迹优化问题转化为非线性规划(NLP)问题，从两方面提高轨迹优化的效率和精度。一方面，引入一种高效的稀疏差分法计算NLP的一阶偏导数，提高NLP的求解效率；另一方面，提出一种基于新型广义二分网格的网格细化算法调整离散节点的数量和分布，使得方法能够采用较少的节点数目取得较高的优化精度，从而减小NLP的规模和计算量。应用该方法求解了高超声速滑翔再入轨迹优化问题，仿真结果表明所述方法能够快速生成一条严格满足各种约束的最优三维再入轨迹。在此基础上，研究了滑翔飞行器的再入落点区范围，进一步检验了该方法的有效性。     

动能拦截器运动伪装末制导律设计

针对动能拦截器末制导问题，基于运动伪装理论设计了末制导律和相应的脉冲宽度脉冲频率(PWPF)调节器。根据拦截器和目标在视线旋转坐标系下的相对运动关系建立了动力学模型。通过运动伪装特性得出的拦截条件推导出作用在视线法向上的制导指令表达式。在动能拦截器制导推力受限情况下，利用PWPF调节器调节制导指令。考虑系统的可控条件和拦截条件，对调节器参数进行了理论设计。运动伪装末制导律保证动能拦截器在制导过程起到伪装作用，具有较高的制导精度和较小的命中过载，同时经过参数设计后的PWPF调节器可以节省燃料。最后，通过数值仿真校验了所设计末制导律的正确性和有效性。     

Integrated method of guidance,control and morphing for hypersonic morphing vehicle in glide phase

The morphing technology of hypersonic vehicle improved the flight performance by changing aerodynamic characteristics with shape deformations, but the design of guidance and control system with morphing laws remained to be explored. An Integrated of Guidance, Control and Morphing (IGCM) method for Hypersonic Morphing Vehicle (HMV) was developed in this paper. The IGCM method contributed to an effective solution of morphing characteristic to improve flight performance and reject the disturbance for guidance and control system caused by the morphing system for HMV in gliding phase. The IGCM models were established based on the motion models and aerodynamic models of the variable span vehicle. Then the IGCM method was designed by adaptive block dynamic surface back-stepping method with stability proof. The parallel controlled simulations’ results showed the effectiveness in accomplishing the flight mission of IGCM method in glide phase with smaller terminal errors. The velocity loss of HMV was reduced by 32.8% which inferred less flight time and larger terminal flight velocity than invariable span vehicle. Under the condition of large deviations of aerodynamic parameters and atmospheric density, the robustness of IGCM method with variable span was verified.     

火箭上升段滚动时域制导控制一体化设计

针对传统火箭上升段制导与姿态控制系统分离设计无法最大程度优化控制精度、控制量需求等系统整体控制性能的问题，提出一种基于凸优化的滚动时域制导控制一体化(IGC)设计方法。首先建立反映质心运动和绕质心运动耦合关系的IGC模型并对其进行反馈线性化获得面向控制的线性模型。然后考虑控制约束，将上升段IGC问题建模为最优控制问题，基于凸优化理论设计滚动时域控制器。该方法基于滚动时域控制(RHC)策略中反馈校正和滚动优化的思想，可以及时弥补模型误差和外部干扰等造成的不确定性；同时利用凸优化算法计算复杂度低、求解简单的优势，有效解决了含控制约束的复杂优化问题的求解。基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明了闭环系统的稳定性。数值仿真校验了该滚动时域控制方法的有效性和鲁棒性；并且仿真结果表明，火箭上升段IGC设计比传统分离设计制导精度更高、控制量需求更小且姿态变化更加平缓。     

探空火箭定时定点入轨的一种制导控制规律

针对特定探测天体,给出了特殊用途的探空火箭与其实现空间交会的时刻与地点的计算方法.根据特定天体的运行轨道,发射前算出标称交会飞行轨道,装订在箭载计算机内.火箭发射后,利用箭载惯性导航系统确定自身当前的位置与速度,比对标称飞行轨道参数得出飞行偏差,通过控制火箭推力偏斜调整飞行轨道,使探空火箭在交会时刻到达交会点,并在交会时刻相对与惯性空间的速度为0.定义了研究所用的各种坐标系,建立了火箭飞行动力学方程.研究了标称飞行轨道最优交会点选取,交会时间与发射时间计算等问题.给出了发射后动力飞行段的制导控制规律,核心思想是将控制信号分解为时间控制、当地水平面上的海拔高度控制、南北控制与东西控制,通过设置偏置量减小关机后轨道摄动因素引起的漂移.利用计算机数值仿真验证了这种制导控制规律的可行性.