Verification of shielding effect by the water-filled materials for space radiation in the International Space Station using passive dosimeters

The dose reduction effects for space radiation by installation of water shielding material (“protective curtain”) of a stack board consisting of the hygienic wipes and towels have been experimentally evaluated in the International Space Station by using passive dosimeters. The averaged water thickness of the protective curtain was 6.3 g/cm². The passive dosimeters consisted of a combination of thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) and plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs). Totally 12 passive dosimeter packages were installed in the Russian Service Module during late 2010. Half of the packages were located at the protective curtain surface and the other half were at the crew cabin wall behind or aside the protective curtain. The mean absorbed dose and dose equivalent rates are measured to be 327 μGy/day and 821 μSv/day for the unprotected packages and 224 μGy/day and 575 μSv/day for the protected packages, respectively. The observed dose reduction rate with protective curtain was found to be 37 ± 7% in dose equivalent, which was consistent with the calculation in the spherical water phantom by PHITS. The contributions due to low and high LET particles were found to be comparable in observed dose reduction rate. The protective curtain would be effective shielding material for not only trapped particles (several 10 MeV) but also for low energy galactic cosmic rays (several 100 MeV/n). The properly utilized protective curtain will effectively reduce the radiation dose for crew living in space station and prolong long-term mission in the future.     

基于临界折射纵波法的CFRP应力检测

研究了不同纤维方向与应力方向对复合材料声弹性关系的影响。为了在材料内部激励临界折射纵波,本文根据斯涅耳定律设计了超声入射楔块,并搭建了声时差检测系统。并使用搭建的系统分别测量了0°、45°单向铺设的两种试样在0°、45°和90°方向的声时差变化,得到了不同加载方向和纤维方向组合情况下,由CFRP材料内部应力与声时差表征的声弹性关系。     

神舟3号返回舱内的LET分布及吸收剂量

为了测量进入航天器舱内重电离粒子引起的辐射剂量，在神舟3号返回舱的内壁上安装了一个由CR-39片和铝片叠合组成的固体核径迹探测器．对回收的CR-39片进行化学蚀刻处理后，进行扫描并测量了由重电离粒子在CR-39片上形成的径迹斑．参照由重离子加速器的各种离子给出的标定值，在扣除由地面对照样本提供的本底值后，得出了返回舱内的线性能量传递(LET)值的分布，线性能量传递大于探测器记录阈值的总吸收剂量和总等效剂量，以及总等效剂量随屏蔽物厚度的变化．     

CHANG'E-2 lunar escape maneuvers to the Sun–Earth L2 libration point mission

This paper addresses lunar escape maneuvers of the first Chinese Sun–Earth L2 libration point mission by the CHANG'E-2 satellite, which is also the world's first satellite to reach the L2 point from a lunar orbit. The lunar escape maneuvers are heavily constrained by the remaining propellant and the condition of telemetry, track and command, among others. First, these constraints are analyzed and summarized to design a target L2 Lissajous orbit and an initial transfer trajectory. Second, the maneuver mathematical models are studied. The multilevel maneuver schemes which consist of phasing maneuvers and a final lunar escape maneuver are designed for actual operations. Based on the scheme analysis and comparison, the 2-maneuver scheme with a 5.3-h-period phasing orbit is ultimately selected. Finally, the mission status based on the scheme is presented and the control operation results are discussed in detail. The methodology in this paper is especially beneficial and applicable to a future multi-mission instance in the deep space exploration.     

“嫦娥4号”月球背面着陆区月壳及深部结构特征

深部月壳和月幔物质结构是月球科学探测的关键问题之一。“嫦娥4号”初步将月球背面南极—艾肯（South Pole-Aitken,SPA）盆地内的冯·卡门（Von Kármán）撞击坑作为着陆点,具有重要的科学研究价值。结合月球重力、地形、布格重力、月壳厚度等地球物理数据,综合对冯·卡门撞击坑的月壳及其深部结构特征进行了分析。结果显示：冯·卡门撞击坑重复撞击到南部的冯·卡门M撞击坑上,后者的中央峰具有明显的布格正重力异常和线性的布格重力梯度特征,显示出高密度的幔部物质向上涌起;冯·卡门撞击坑极有可能穿透了该区域的整个月壳,并挖掘出了深部月幔的物质;该区域南部月壳厚度较薄小于5 km,北部平均月壳厚度在15～20 km,月壳平均密度为2 630 kg·m^-3,比背面高地月壳密度高,且平均孔隙度为9%,低于月球的平均孔隙度12%。     

“嫦娥4号”中继星任务分析与系统设计

作为"嫦娥4号"任务的重要组成部分,中继星将为着陆器和巡视器提供中继通信支持。不同于其它月球探测器,中继星首次选择了绕地月L2平动点运行的晕(Halo)轨道以保证对月球背面的着陆器和巡视器提供连续的中继通信服务,面临诸多技术挑战。在对中继星任务特点进行分析的基础上,梳理了研制中的技术难题,包括使命轨道的选择、使命轨道的到达和长期维持、中继通信体制选择等,并提出了解决方案。中继星的总体设计方案概述也在文中给出。     

基于Kane方法的直升机-柔性绳索-吊挂系统动力学建模

完成了基于Kane方法的直升机-柔性绳索-吊挂系统的动力学建模.通过运动学描述,将系统分为直升机本体、吊挂绳索和吊挂载荷三部分.直升机本体为六自由度刚体;吊挂绳索模拟为集中质点模型,质点间用弹簧连接;吊挂载荷模拟为三自由度质点.考虑重力、气动力和弹性力的影响,建立直升机-吊挂系统的Kane动力学方程.针对直升机本体和考虑吊挂绳索柔性的直升机-柔性绳索-吊挂系统这两种模型,计算了它们在不同前飞速度下的配平状态,分析了其运动模态并进行对比.仿真结果表明:外吊挂引入后,直升机需要额外的总距操纵;考虑吊挂绳索柔性后,直升机长周期运动的收敛/发散速度变慢;Kane方法适用于直升机-柔性绳索-吊挂系统的动力学建模,方程整齐简洁,编程求解方便.      

GH39合金拉伸应变硬化行为与断口形貌

采用不同应变速率(0.0001~0.1s-1)下单轴拉伸实验对 GH39合金应变硬化行为与断口特征进行了研究。结果表明：应变硬化指数在不同应变量下表现出多重性,真应力应变不完全遵循 Hollomon 对数线性关系。塑性变形开始阶段,应变硬化指数n为恒定;真应变ε在0.014~0.13,n随着应变的增加而增加,在此过程由于形成大量形变孪晶,孪晶与位错相互作用,硬化能力增强;随着应变速率的提高,材料的应变硬化指数略下降;在低应变速率时段合金的拉伸断口为延性断裂,随着应变速率的增加从韧窝状延性断裂向半解理断裂过渡。     

基于随机与区间分析的状态方程不确定性比较

基于现代控制理论中状态方程的求解算法,对具有参数不确定性的控制系统采用非概率区间分析方法与随机控制理论进行研究。首先明确实际工程应用中不确定性的概念和影响,分别建立了区间值和随机过程2种描述方法,求解系统的响应区间,并分为与初始条件和输入相关的零输入和零状态两部分不确定量。根据区间数学中的区间函数扩张原理和概率统计理论中的切比雪夫不等式,从数学证明和数值计算2个方面,分别用非概率区间分析和概率统计方法求解不确定系统的响应,并对二者进行比较,分析其相容性。结果表明,在由概率统计信息得到不确定性变量的区间向量为系统输入的情况下,非概率区间分析方法得到的响应区间包含由随机控制理论得到的响应区间。     

冯·卡门撞击坑物质成分研究

“嫦娥4号”预计在月球背面的冯·卡门（Von Kármán）撞击坑着陆,为近距离研究月球最大和最古老的南极—艾肯（South Pole-Aitken）盆地的形成和演化提供了机会。综合利用多种光谱数据,本研究分析了冯·卡门撞击坑及其周边地区TiO₂和FeO的含量变化,以及铁镁质矿物的分布情况,并推断了其主要的岩石类型。研究结果表明：冯·卡门撞击坑内部贫TiO₂（约1.5~2.5 wt%）富FeO（约12~16 wt%）,主要岩石类型为低钛玄武岩。撞击坑以外的地层则以苏长岩质物质（低钙辉石）为主,并含有约1 wt%的TiO₂和10 wt%的FeO。此外,冯·卡门撞击坑外的南部局fFf), and infilled by low-Ti basalts. The materials outside the crater are dominated by noritic materials (Low-Ca pyroxene) with abundance of TiO₂(~1 wt%)and FeO(~10 wt%). In addition, some plagioclase-rich layers are also exposed on the southern region outside the Von Kármán crater.